[ { "id": "abort", "en": "Abort", "zh_hant": "中止／ABORT", "zh_hans": "中止／ABORT", "domain": "stage-management", "definition_en": "The instruction to abandon a sequence rather than pause it. Where a hold freezes everything in place, an abort ends the attempt: automation comes off its move, an effect is not fired, and the show recovers by some other route that the stage manager will name. On pyrotechnics, flame and automation it is usually tied to a physical control rather than a spoken word, because a word can be misheard and a key cannot.", "definition_zh_hant": "放棄整個序列、而非暫停它的指令。Hold 是把一切凍結在原地，abort 則是終止這次執行：自動化退出動作、效果 不發射，演出改由舞台監督另行指定的方式接續。在煙火、火焰與自動化系統上，abort 通常綁定在實體控制上而 不是一句口令，因為口令可能聽錯，鑰匙與按鈕不會。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Abort" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "Abort" } ], "false_friends": [ "An abort is not a hold. Hold means stop here and wait for instructions; abort means this is not happening. Treating an abort as a hold leaves a sequence loaded and liable to continue.", "An abort is not necessarily a stop of the show. It abandons one sequence, and the performance frequently continues around it.", "On effects systems the abort is usually hardware for a reason, and it is distinct from an emergency stop, which removes power and is a different decision with different consequences." ], "see_also": [ "hold", "go", "standby" ], "related_protocols": [ "midi-show-control" ], "safety_critical": true, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "stage-management", "cueing", "safety", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-10-09", "primary": true }, { "title": "NFPA 160 Standard for the Use of Flame Effects Before an Audience", "url": "https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-160-standard-development/160", "publisher": "National Fire Protection Association", "accessed": "2026-10-09" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-10-09" }, { "id": "absolute-polarity", "en": "Absolute polarity", "zh_hant": "絕對極性", "domain": "audio", "definition_en": "Whether a whole signal chain preserves the sign of the original pressure change, so that a source moving towards the microphone ends with a loudspeaker cone moving towards the audience. Largely inaudible on symmetrical waveforms and sometimes audible on asymmetrical ones such as kick drum, bass, brass and plosives. Worth getting right because it is free to get right, and distinct from relative polarity between two sources, which is not subtle and cancels real output.", "definition_zh_hant": "整條訊號鏈是否保留原始壓力變化的正負號，亦即聲源朝麥克風移動時，喇叭紙盆最終是否朝觀眾方 向移動。對稱波形上大致聽不出來，但在大鼓、貝斯、銅管與爆破音等非對稱波形上有時可聽辨。由 於校正的代價為零，值得做對；它與兩個聲源之間的相對極性截然不同，後者並不細微，且會實際抵 消輸出。", "false_friends": [ "Absolute polarity is not phase. Polarity is a sign flip, identical at every frequency; phase is a time relationship worth a different number of degrees at every frequency." ], "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Absolute polarity" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "絕對極性" } ], "tags": [ "audio", "polarity", "system-tuning" ], "sources": [ { "title": "AES standards for audio engineering", "url": "https://www.aes.org/standards/", "publisher": "Audio Engineering Society", "accessed": "2026-08-29", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-29" }, { "id": "additive-mixing", "en": "Additive colour mixing", "zh_hant": "加色混合", "domain": "lighting", "definition_en": "Mixing by adding light. Each emitter contributes its own spectrum and the surface receives the sum, so you start at black and every source you bring up adds. Red plus green is yellow. This is what multi-emitter LED fixtures do, and what any two lamps pointed at the same wall do.", "definition_zh_hant": "以疊加光線來混色。每個發光體貢獻自己的光譜，表面接收到的是總和，因此起點是黑，每加一盞燈就加一分光。紅加綠得黃。多晶片 LED 燈具即以此方式混色，兩盞燈打在同一面牆上亦然。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Additive mixing" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "加色混合 / 加法混色" } ], "false_friends": [ "The primaries differ from paint's. Additive primaries are red, green and blue; subtractive are cyan, magenta and yellow. Anyone taught colour with paint expects red and green to make brown." ], "see_also": [ "subtractive-mixing", "metamerism" ], "tags": [ "lighting", "colour" ], "sources": [ { "title": "CIE colorimetry and colour mixing fundamentals", "url": "https://cie.co.at/e-ilv", "publisher": "International Commission on Illumination", "accessed": "2026-08-29", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-29" }, { "id": "adsr", "en": "ADSR", "zh_hant": "ADSR 波封", "domain": "audio", "definition_en": "The four stages of a standard synthesiser envelope: attack, decay, sustain and release. Three are times and one is not. Attack is how long to reach full, decay how long to fall from full to the sustain level, sustain the level held while the key is down, and release how long to fall to silence after it is let go.", "definition_zh_hant": "標準合成器波封的四個階段：起音、衰減、延持、釋音。其中三個是時間，一個不是。起音是升到最 大值所需時間，衰減是由最大值降至延持位準所需時間，延持是按鍵持續按下期間所維持的位準，釋 音則是放開按鍵後降至無聲所需時間。", "false_friends": [ "Sustain is a level, not a duration. A note that will not stop while the key is held wants a sustain of zero and a decay, not a shorter release." ], "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "ADSR / envelope" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "ADSR / 波封" } ], "tags": [ "audio", "synthesis", "instrument" ], "sources": [ { "title": "AES standards for audio engineering", "url": "https://www.aes.org/standards/", "publisher": "Audio Engineering Society", "accessed": "2026-08-29", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-29" }, { "id": "anti-aliasing-filter", "en": "Anti-aliasing filter", "zh_hant": "抗混疊濾波器", "domain": "audio", "definition_en": "The low-pass filter in front of an analogue-to-digital converter, removing everything above half the sample rate before sampling can fold it down into the audible band as a frequency that was never present. Aliasing is unrecoverable once it has happened, which is why the filter is in hardware and ahead of the converter. A steep filter close to the band edge is difficult to build cleanly, which is the real engineering argument for higher sample rates: they let the filter be gentle and start well above hearing.", "definition_zh_hant": "置於類比數位轉換器之前的低通濾波器，在取樣之前濾除高於取樣率一半的所有成分，以免這些成分 被折返到可聽頻段，成為原本並不存在的頻率。混疊一旦發生便無法還原，因此這個濾波器必須是硬 體、且位於轉換器之前。緊貼頻帶邊緣的陡峭濾波器難以做得乾淨，這正是提高取樣率的真正工程理 由：可讓濾波器和緩，並自遠高於聽覺上限之處開始作用。", "false_friends": [ "A reconstruction filter is the mirror of this at the output of a converter, not the same component. One protects the sampling; the other smooths what the samples are turned back into." ], "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Anti-aliasing filter / brickwall filter" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "抗混疊濾波器" } ], "tags": [ "audio", "digital", "conversion" ], "sources": [ { "title": "AES standards for audio engineering", "url": "https://www.aes.org/standards/", "publisher": "Audio Engineering Society", "accessed": "2026-08-29", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-29" }, { "id": "azimuth-tape", "en": "Azimuth (tape)", "zh_hant": "磁頭方位角", "domain": "audio", "definition_en": "The angle of a magnetic head gap relative to the tape path, which should be exactly perpendicular. If the recording and playback machines disagree, the top of the track is read fractionally before the bottom and high frequencies partly cancel across the track width. It presents as a dull recording and is a phase error, so equalisation cannot recover it; aligning the playback head can.", "definition_zh_hant": "磁頭間隙相對於磁帶行進方向的角度，理應完全垂直。若錄音機與放音機的方位角不一致，磁軌上緣 會比下緣稍早被讀取，高頻便會在磁軌寬度上部分相消。聽感上像是高頻不足，但本質是相位誤差， 因此無法用等化補回；調整放音磁頭方位角則可完全復原。", "false_friends": [ "A dull archive tape is far more often an azimuth mismatch than a degraded recording. Boosting the top end cannot help, because the energy is cancelling itself rather than being absent." ], "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Azimuth" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "方位角 / azimuth" } ], "tags": [ "audio", "analogue", "archive" ], "sources": [ { "title": "AES standards for audio engineering", "url": "https://www.aes.org/standards/", "publisher": "Audio Engineering Society", "accessed": "2026-08-29", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-29" }, { "id": "barn-door", "en": "Barn door", "zh_hant": "遮光板", "domain": "lighting", "definition_en": "The hinged metal flaps that clip into the front of a fresnel or PAR to cut the edge of the beam off scenery, a portal or the front row. Four leaves, rotatable in the accessory slot.", "definition_zh_hant": "夾在菲涅爾燈或 PAR 燈前方的鉸鏈金屬葉片，用來把光邊切離景片、台口或前排觀眾。通常四片，可在配件槽內旋轉。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Barn door" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "遮光板 / 四葉片" } ], "false_friends": [ "Barn doors soften a cut; shutters in a profile/ellipsoidal make a hard one. Asking for a \"sharp cut\" on a fresnel gets you the softest edge in the rig." ], "see_also": [ "gel", "focus" ], "tags": [ "lighting", "accessory" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "batten", "en": "Batten / bar / pipe", "zh_hant": "吊桿", "domain": "rigging", "definition_en": "The horizontal pipe flown over the stage that scenery, lighting or cloths hang from. UK crews say bar, US crews say batten or pipe or electric (when it carries lighting), and the fly system numbers them from the proscenium upstage.", "definition_zh_hant": "舞台上方可升降的橫桿，掛景、掛燈或掛幕。編號由鏡框往上舞台數。掛燈的吊桿在美制叫 electric。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK", "term": "Bar" }, { "region": "US", "term": "Batten / pipe / electric" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "吊桿" } ], "false_friends": [ "In lighting control, \"batten\" is also a linear LED fixture type. On headset, bar 3 and batten 3 and LX3 may all be the same object: agree the naming before the first flying cue." ], "see_also": [ "fly", "cyclorama" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "rigging", "flying", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true }, { "title": "Batten (theater)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batten_(theater)", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-22" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "beam-angle", "en": "Beam angle / field angle", "zh_hant": "光束角／場角", "domain": "lighting", "definition_en": "Two different measurements of how wide a light source spreads. Beam angle is where intensity has fallen to 50 percent of centre; field angle is where it has fallen to 10 percent. A fixture quoted at one number and compared against the other will look wrong on paper and on stage.", "definition_zh_hant": "描述光源擴散寬度的兩種不同量測。光束角是強度衰減至中心 50% 之處，場角則是衰減至 10% 之處。以其中一個數字標示的燈具，若拿去和另一個定義比較，紙上與台上都會對不起來。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Beam angle / field angle" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "光束角 / 場角" } ], "false_friends": [ "Field angle is always the larger number. A data sheet quoting a single \"beam\" figure is usually quoting the 50 percent one, which makes the fixture look tighter than it looks in a room." ], "see_also": [ "moving-head", "focus" ], "tags": [ "lighting", "optics", "beam" ], "sources": [ { "title": "ANSI E1.9 reporting photometric performance data", "url": "https://tsp.esta.org/tsp/documents/published_docs.php", "publisher": "ESTA TSP", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true }, { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "biphase-mark", "en": "Biphase mark encoding", "zh_hant": "雙相符號編碼", "domain": "video", "definition_en": "The line code LTC uses. There is a transition at every bit boundary, and a one gets one extra transition in the middle of the bit. That gives a self-clocking, DC-free, polarity-independent signal that decodes over a wide range of speeds — which is what lets timecode survive an audio track and be read while shuttling backwards.", "definition_zh_hant": "LTC 使用的線路編碼。每個位元邊界都有一次跳變，代表 1 的位元在中間再多一次跳變。這產生一個自帶時脈、無直流成分、與極性無關的訊號，並可在很寬的速度範圍內解碼 —— 這正是時碼能存活在音軌上、並能在倒帶時被讀取的原因。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Biphase mark / BMC / FM encoding" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "雙相符號編碼" } ], "false_friends": [ "The encoding is polarity-independent, so a swapped pair on a timecode feed has no symptom at all. A wiring fault that would break anything else stays hidden here." ], "see_also": [ "drop-frame", "frame-rate" ], "tags": [ "video", "timecode", "encoding" ], "sources": [ { "title": "SMPTE ST 12-1 Time and Control Code", "url": "https://www.smpte.org/standards", "publisher": "SMPTE", "accessed": "2026-08-29", "primary": true } ], "related_protocols": [ "ltc" ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-29" }, { "id": "black-box", "en": "Black box", "zh_hant": "黑盒劇場", "domain": "general", "definition_en": "A square or rectangular room with black walls and a black floor, built with no fixed stage or seating so it can be reconfigured for whatever the production needs. When someone says \"we're in a black box,\" they mean the venue type — not the other thing this exact phrase means on the same crew.", "definition_zh_hant": "四面牆與地板皆為黑色的方形或長方形空間，座位與演區可自由配置。中文亦作「小劇場」，但小劇場指規模，黑盒指形式，兩者不必然相同。", "false_friends": [ "Elsewhere on the same show, \"black box\" means a system judged only by its inputs and outputs — a media server or DSP unit nobody can see inside. Same words, unrelated to the venue." ], "see_also": [ "house" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "venue", "scenic", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Black box theater", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_box_theater", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true }, { "title": "Black box", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_box", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "blackout", "en": "Blackout", "zh_hant": "暗場（BO）", "zh_hans": "暗场", "domain": "lighting", "definition_en": "A lighting state in which all stage light goes out, usually as punctuation at the end of a scene. A dead blackout means no light at all, including work light and equipment glow, which is a different and much harder request than an ordinary blackout.", "definition_zh_hant": "舞台燈全部熄掉的燈光狀態，通常用來結束一場戲。Dead blackout 是連工作燈和設備亮光都不能有，這是完全不同、也難得多的要求。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "暗場", "note": "Cue 表上常縮寫成 BO。" } ], "false_friends": [ "中文口語的 blackout 通常指停電。劇場的暗場是刻意做出來的燈光狀態，不是斷電。", "\"Dark\" describes a building with no performance booked. A blackout is a state inside a running show. See the entry for dark.", "Blackout cloth is a fabric that stops light passing through it. It has nothing to do with the cue.", "Exit signs and aisle lighting stay on during a blackout in nearly every jurisdiction. Promising a true dead blackout may be promising something illegal." ], "see_also": [ "dark", "cue", "bump", "house" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "lighting", "cue", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Stage lighting", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_lighting", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-16", "primary": true }, { "title": "Glossary of theater terms", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_theater_terms", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-16" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "bridle", "en": "Bridle", "zh_hant": "分力吊索", "domain": "rigging", "definition_en": "Two or more legs of steel taken from separate structural points down to a single hanging position, used when the load needs to hang somewhere the structure has no point. The geometry decides everything: as the angle between the legs opens up, the tension in each leg climbs above the weight being carried, and at wide angles it climbs fast.", "definition_zh_hant": "由兩個以上的結構吊點分別拉鋼索，匯集到同一個懸掛位置，用於負載必須落在結構沒有吊點的地方。幾何決定一切：兩腿之間的夾角越大，每一腿的張力越高於實際負載，角度很大時上升極快。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Bridle" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "分力吊索 / 分力鋼索" } ], "false_friends": [ "A bridle is not extra capacity. It moves a load sideways between existing points and puts MORE tension in each leg than a dead hang. Two 500 kg points are not a 1000 kg bridle." ], "see_also": [ "rigging-point", "safe-working-load" ], "safety_critical": true, "tags": [ "rigging", "bridle", "load", "geometry" ], "confidence": "reported", "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "bump", "en": "Bump", "zh_hant": "零秒變化（bump）", "zh_hans": "零秒变化", "domain": "lighting", "definition_en": "A cue that changes state instantly with no fade time. Used for snaps to black, hard hits on a musical accent, and stutter effects. Crews in Hong Kong and Taiwan generally say the English word rather than translate it.", "definition_zh_hant": "沒有漸變時間、瞬間切換的 cue，用在瞬間切黑、跟著音樂重拍的硬切、閃動效果。香港和臺灣的工作人員多半直接講英文 bump，不翻譯。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "Bump", "note": "口語直接用英文，中文書面可寫「零秒」或「即時變化」。" } ], "false_friends": [ "In Australia and New Zealand bump-in and bump-out mean load-in and load-out. Nothing to do with a zero-count cue.", "In audio a bump is usually a small level or EQ nudge, not an instant change of state.", "「零秒」只是描述漸變時間，不是 cue 的名稱。寫在 cue 表上要寫時間值，不要只寫這兩個字。" ], "see_also": [ "cue", "blackout", "load-in" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "lighting", "cue", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Stage lighting", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_lighting", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-16", "primary": true }, { "title": "Glossary of theater terms", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_theater_terms", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-16" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "call", "en": "Call", "zh_hant": "報 cue（叫戲）／集合時間", "zh_hans": "报 cue／集合时间", "domain": "stage-management", "definition_en": "Two different jobs share one word. To call the show is to speak the standbys and the gos over comms so every department executes together. A call is also the time crew or cast have to be in the building, and the announcement that brings people to the stage.", "definition_zh_hant": "同一個字兩件事。Call the show 是在通話系統上報 standby 和 go，讓各部門一起動作。Call 也指工作人員或演員必須到場的時間，以及叫人上台的廣播。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "HK", "term": "Call time／入台時間", "note": "香港製作在時間表上直接寫 call time。" }, { "region": "TW", "term": "集合時間", "note": "臺灣的通告表多寫集合時間，口語仍會講 call。" } ], "false_friends": [ "\"Call time\" and \"calling the show\" are unrelated jobs. Confirm which one is meant before you accept a call.", "把 call 直譯成「打電話」會誤事。Headset 上的 call 不是通話，是報點。", "In the UK the deputy stage manager calls the show. In the US the stage manager does. Same word, different person holding the book.", "A five-minute call is an announcement to the company. A five-minute standby is a warning to a department. They are not interchangeable." ], "see_also": [ "cue", "deputy-stage-manager" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "stage-management", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Prompt corner", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prompt_corner", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-16", "primary": true }, { "title": "舞台表演的操作管理（麥秋）", "url": "https://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/tc/public-admin/related-bodies-schemes/edu-schemes-fund/drama/ch22.pdf", "publisher": "香港教育局", "accessed": "2026-08-16" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "chain-hoist", "en": "Chain hoist / chain motor", "zh_hant": "電動葫蘆", "domain": "automation", "definition_en": "A powered or hand-chain hoist built to raise and lower a suspended load, used in entertainment rigging as point hoists for trussing, scenery or effects. \"Chain motor\" usually means the electric version run from a pendant or network control; a plain \"chain hoist\" can be manual. What makes it a hoist under the entertainment standard is not the chain — it is a locking brake built to hold a suspended load. A winch is a different class of machine.", "definition_zh_hant": "以鏈條升降吊掛負載的葫蘆，可為電動或手拉。台灣多稱「電動吊車」或「電動葫蘆」，香港常直接說 motor 或「摩打」。", "false_friends": [ "ANSI E1.6-1's own annex draws the line: a hoist lifts with a locking brake for suspension; a winch pulls, and a capstan winch is explicitly outside the standard's scope.", "Crews use \"hoist,\" \"chain motor\" and \"winch\" almost interchangeably. If it's actually a winch under that truss, it may not be rated to hold a static load the way a purpose-built hoist is." ], "see_also": [ "winch", "fly", "safe-working-load" ], "safety_critical": true, "confidence": "verified", "tags": [ "automation", "rigging", "hoist", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "ANSI E1.6-1 – 2019: Entertainment Technology – Powered Hoist Systems", "url": "https://tsp.esta.org/tsp/documents/docs/ANSI%20E1.6-1%20-%202019.pdf", "publisher": "ESTA Technical Standards Program", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true }, { "title": "What is the difference between a chain motor and a manual chain hoist?", "url": "https://www.4wall.com/help/what-is-the-difference-between-a-chain-motor-and-a-manual-chain-hoist--n-209", "publisher": "4Wall Entertainment", "accessed": "2026-08-22" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "colour-temperature", "en": "Colour temperature (CCT)", "zh_hant": "色溫", "domain": "lighting", "definition_en": "The apparent warmth or coolness of white light, in kelvin: tungsten around 3200 K, daylight around 5600 K. Correlated colour temperature says where a source sits on that scale, but says nothing about how well it renders colour.", "definition_zh_hant": "白光偏暖或偏冷的表觀程度，單位為 K：鎢絲燈約 3200 K，日光約 5600 K。相關色溫只說明光源落在這條刻度的哪個位置，完全不描述其演色能力。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Colour temperature / CCT" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "色溫" } ], "false_friends": [ "Two fixtures at the same CCT can render skin completely differently. CCT is one axis; colour rendering (CRI, or better, TM-30 Rf and Rg) is another, and camera work cares about both." ], "see_also": [ "gel" ], "tags": [ "lighting", "colour", "camera" ], "sources": [ { "title": "ITU-R BT.709 parameter values", "url": "https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-BT.709/en", "publisher": "ITU", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true }, { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "competent-person", "en": "Competent person", "zh_hant": "適任人員", "domain": "safety", "definition_en": "Whoever is legally allowed to sign off that a task, a rig or a piece of equipment is safe. What that actually requires depends entirely on which country's regulation you are standing under — it is not a synonym for \"someone who is good at their job,\" and it is not one qualification you can carry between jurisdictions.", "definition_zh_hant": "法規上有資格簽署某項作業、吊掛系統或設備可安全使用的人。重點在「經指定且能舉證」，不是「做過很多次」。", "false_friends": [ "US OSHA (29 CFR 1926.32(f)): able to identify hazards AND has authority to fix them on the spot, tied to a specific hazard class such as fall protection or excavation.", "UK law (Management of H&S at Work Regs 1999, reg. 7): a broader general-duty role — sufficient training, experience or knowledge to assist the employer, not tied to one hazard class.", "A sign-off valid under one country's definition does not automatically satisfy the other's, even though riders use the phrase as if it meant one thing worldwide." ], "see_also": [ "lockout-tagout", "safe-working-load" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "verified", "tags": [ "safety", "compliance", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Competent Person - Overview", "url": "https://www.osha.gov/competent-person", "publisher": "OSHA", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true }, { "title": "1926.32 - Definitions", "url": "https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1926/1926.32", "publisher": "OSHA", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true }, { "title": "The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999: Regulation 7", "url": "https://legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1999/3242/regulation/7/made?view=plain", "publisher": "legislation.gov.uk / UK National Archives", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true }, { "title": "What is a Competent Person?", "url": "https://hse.gov.uk/involvement/competentperson.htm", "publisher": "UK Health and Safety Executive (HSE)", "accessed": "2026-08-22" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "counterweight", "en": "Counterweight", "zh_hant": "配重", "domain": "rigging", "definition_en": "The steel weights in a fly system arbor that balance what hangs on the bar. Loading them to match the load, in the right order, from the loading gallery, is one of the most safety-critical routines in a theatre.", "definition_zh_hant": "吊桿系統配重架內的鐵，用來平衡桿上掛的東西。上重與落重的次序同崗位是劇場最講安全的例行工作之一。", "safety_critical": true, "confidence": "reported", "false_friends": [ "An out-of-weight bar is a stored accident: a runaway arbor moves fast enough to kill. If the weight state of a bar is unknown, nobody unclamps anything until it is known." ], "see_also": [ "fly", "batten" ], "tags": [ "rigging", "flying", "safety" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true }, { "title": "Fly system", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_system", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-22" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "cri", "en": "CRI (Colour Rendering Index)", "zh_hant": "顯色指數", "domain": "lighting", "definition_en": "A single number summarising how faithfully a source renders a set of test colours against a reference illuminant. The general figure, Ra, averages eight pale test samples. R9 — the deep red sample — is not in that average, which is why a source can post a high CRI and still render skin and reds badly.", "definition_zh_hant": "以單一數值概括光源相對於參考光源、還原一組測試顏色的忠實度。一般公布的 Ra 值是八個淺色測試樣本的平均。深紅色樣本 R9 並不在這個平均之內，因此一支光源可以標示很高的顯色指數，卻仍然把膚色與紅色還原得很差。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "CRI / Ra" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "顯色指數 / 演色性" } ], "false_friends": [ "CRI 95 says nothing on its own about R9. Ask for R9 stated separately, and for TM-30's Rf and Rg, which use 99 samples and report fidelity and gamut as two different things." ], "see_also": [ "colour-temperature", "metamerism" ], "tags": [ "lighting", "colour", "measurement" ], "sources": [ { "title": "CIE 13.3 Method of measuring and specifying colour rendering properties of light sources", "url": "https://cie.co.at/publications/method-measuring-and-specifying-colour-rendering-properties-light-sources", "publisher": "International Commission on Illumination", "accessed": "2026-08-29", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-29" }, { "id": "crossover", "en": "Crossover", "zh_hant": "後台橫通道", "domain": "general", "definition_en": "The route performers and crew use to get from one side of the stage to the other unseen: behind the cyc, under the stage, or a corridor. Show traffic is planned around it, and blocking it with cases is a classic get-in mistake.", "definition_zh_hant": "演員同工作人員睇唔到咁由台左去台右嘅路線：天幕後、台底或走廊。用 flight case 塞住佢係裝台常見錯誤。", "false_friends": [ "In audio a crossover is the filter network that splits a signal into frequency bands for different drivers. Same word on the same site every day, disambiguated only by which department is talking." ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "backstage", "venue", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "cue-to-cue", "en": "Cue-to-cue", "zh_hant": "技術排練（跳cue）", "domain": "stage-management", "definition_en": "A technical rehearsal that jumps from one cue moment to the next, skipping the scenes between, so the technical departments rehearse every transition without playing the whole show.", "definition_zh_hant": "只排技術點的排練：由一個 cue 跳到下一個 cue，中間戲跳過，讓技術部門把所有轉接位走一次。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "US", "term": "Q2Q / dry tech (without actors)" } ], "see_also": [ "tech-rehearsal", "dry-tech", "cue" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "stage-management", "rehearsal", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true }, { "title": "Technical rehearsal", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_rehearsal", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-22" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "cue", "en": "Cue", "zh_hant": "Cue／提示", "zh_hans": "Cue／提示", "domain": "stage-management", "definition_en": "The signal to execute something in a show. A cue is both the trigger, which may be a line, a move or a sound, and the action it fires. The person calling the show gives a standby first and a go second. Nothing moves on the standby.", "definition_zh_hant": "演出中執行動作的指令。Cue 同時指觸發點（台詞、動作、音效）和被觸發的動作。舞台監督先報 standby，再報 go；聽到 standby 只是準備，不能動。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "HK", "term": "落 cue／畀 cue", "note": "香港製作習慣直接講英文 cue，中文書面資料寫「提示」。" }, { "region": "TW", "term": "下 cue／走 cue", "note": "臺灣同樣直接講 cue，很少譯成中文。" } ], "false_friends": [ "中文口語「被 cue 到」是被點名、被突然叫到的意思，跟劇場的 cue 沒有關係。", "A cue number is announced on the standby. The action happens on \"go\". Treating the standby as the instruction is how people get hit.", "In a script, a cue can also mean the last words of the previous speech that tell an actor to come in. That is a different object from a technical cue." ], "see_also": [ "call", "deputy-stage-manager", "plot", "blackout" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "cue", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Cue (theatrical)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cue_(theatrical)", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-16", "primary": true }, { "title": "舞台表演的操作管理（麥秋）", "url": "https://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/tc/public-admin/related-bodies-schemes/edu-schemes-fund/drama/ch22.pdf", "publisher": "香港教育局", "accessed": "2026-08-16" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "cyclorama", "en": "Cyclorama", "zh_hant": "天幕", "domain": "scenic", "definition_en": "The large plain cloth or wall across the back of the stage, lit to become sky, colour field or projection surface. Usually the last thing upstage, and the reason the upstage lighting bar is called the cyc bar.", "definition_zh_hant": "舞台最後方的大面素色幕或牆，打燈後變成天空、色底或投影面。最上舞台那支燈桿因此叫天幕燈桿。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK", "term": "Cyc (said \"sike\")" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "天幕" } ], "see_also": [ "batten" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "scenic", "lighting", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true }, { "title": "Cyclorama (theater)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclorama_(theater)", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-22" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "daisy-chain", "en": "Daisy chain", "zh_hant": "串接", "domain": "networking", "definition_en": "Wiring devices in a straight line, in and out, rather than back to a central point. DMX and RS-485 in general are meant to run this way — console to fixture to fixture to fixture, terminated at the far end. Splitting one line out to several fixtures from a single point — a passive Y-split, a hub-and-spoke run — is not a daisy chain, and is where most unexplained DMX flicker actually comes from.", "definition_zh_hant": "設備一進一出串成一條線，而不是各自回到中央設備。DMX 與部分音訊、網路設備常用；一台故障即中斷後段。", "false_friends": [ "A climbing \"daisy chain\" is a sewn webbing sling aid climbers clip into for positioning — real gear, not rated as an anchor, and nothing to do with wiring topology despite the shared name." ], "see_also": [ "unit-load" ], "related_protocols": [ "dmx512" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "networking", "rs485", "dmx", "topology", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Daisy chain (electrical engineering)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_chain_(electrical_engineering)", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true }, { "title": "What is a Daisy Chain?", "url": "https://blog.weighmyrack.com/what-is-a-daisy-chain/", "publisher": "WeighMyRack", "accessed": "2026-08-22" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "damping-factor", "en": "Damping factor", "zh_hant": "阻尼係數", "domain": "audio", "definition_en": "The load impedance divided by the amplifier’s output impedance, describing how firmly the amplifier resists the voltage a moving loudspeaker cone generates back into it. Cable resistance is in series with the amplifier’s output impedance, so a long or thin speaker run dominates the figure: a couple of tenths of an ohm collapses a quoted factor of several hundred to a few tens.", "definition_zh_hant": "負載阻抗除以擴大機輸出阻抗，用以描述擴大機抑制喇叭紙盆運動所產生反電動勢的能力。線材電阻 與擴大機輸出阻抗串聯，因此過長或過細的喇叭線會主導這個數字：僅零點幾歐姆便足以令標示數百 的阻尼係數降至數十。", "false_friends": [ "A damping factor above roughly 50 is a specification rather than a benefit, because the cable has already decided the figure the driver actually experiences." ], "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Damping factor" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "阻尼係數", "note": "Usually written on a spec sheet rather than said aloud." } ], "tags": [ "audio", "amplifier", "loudspeaker" ], "sources": [ { "title": "AES standards for audio engineering", "url": "https://www.aes.org/standards/", "publisher": "Audio Engineering Society", "accessed": "2026-08-29", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-29" }, { "id": "dark", "en": "Dark", "zh_hant": "封箱 / 暗場", "zh_hans": "封箱 / 暗场", "domain": "general", "definition_en": "A day or period when a venue has no performance. Also used for a stage that is unlit. Which one is meant depends entirely on context, and getting it wrong costs a day of crew.", "definition_zh_hant": "劇場沒有演出的日子，或指舞台無燈的狀態。兩種意思差很多，要看上下文判斷。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "US", "term": "Dark day", "note": "A scheduled non-performance day in a running production." }, { "region": "UK", "term": "Dark", "note": "Also used of a theatre with no production booked at all, sometimes for months." } ], "false_friends": [ "\"Going dark\" in a broadcast or corporate AV context means losing signal or going off air, not taking a day off.", "\"Blackout\" is a lighting state inside a show. \"Dark\" is a state of the building. Calling a blackout \"dark\" on headset will get you a confused LX op." ], "see_also": [], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "verified", "tags": [ "scheduling", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://www.theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/theatre-glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts", "primary": true } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "dead-hang", "en": "Dead hang", "zh_hant": "直吊", "domain": "rigging", "definition_en": "A load hung straight down from a single point, with no bridle and no angle. The simplest case: the tension in the steel equals the weight of the load, and nothing multiplies.", "definition_zh_hant": "負載自單一吊點垂直吊下，不做分力、沒有角度。最單純的情形：鋼索張力等於負載重量，沒有任何倍數效應。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Dead hang" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "直吊" } ], "see_also": [ "bridle", "rigging-point" ], "safety_critical": false, "tags": [ "rigging", "load" ], "confidence": "reported", "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "dead", "en": "Dead", "zh_hant": "定位高度（dead）", "zh_hans": "定位高度", "domain": "rigging", "definition_en": "The fixed height a flown bar is set to and marked at. A piece has an in dead and an out dead. \"Take it to its dead\" means run it to that mark and stop there. British and Hong Kong usage. North American crews call the same thing a trim.", "definition_zh_hant": "吊桿升降時預先設定並做好記號的固定高度。一件景有下定位和上定位；「去 dead」是走到那個記號就停。這是英式和香港的用法，北美叫 trim。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / HK", "term": "Dead", "note": "高低兩個位置分別是 in dead 和 out dead。" }, { "region": "US / CA", "term": "Trim", "note": "North American houses say high trim and low trim for the same marks." } ], "false_friends": [ "\"Dead\" also means de-energised. From an electrician, \"the bar is dead\" means no power. From a flyman it means the bar is at its mark. Confirm which.", "A US electrician saying \"trim it\" wants the height changed. A UK flyman saying \"on its dead\" means the height is already correct. Opposite actions.", "中文直譯成「死」會被聽成故障或斷電，所以實務上多半直接講英文 dead。" ], "see_also": [ "fly", "spike" ], "safety_critical": true, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "rigging", "flying", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Fly system", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_system", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-16", "primary": true }, { "title": "Fly crew", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_crew", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-16" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "deadman", "en": "Deadman / hold-to-run", "zh_hant": "持壓運轉開關", "domain": "automation", "definition_en": "A control that only allows motion while an operator is actively holding it, so releasing it, or gripping it in panic, stops the move. Standard on stage automation, hoist controllers and anything that moves scenery with people nearby.", "definition_zh_hant": "只有在操作者持續按住時才允許動作的控制器；放手或驚慌之下用力握死，動作即停止。舞台自動化、電動葫蘆控制器，以及任何在人員附近移動景物的設備都以此為標準配備。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK", "term": "Deadman / hold-to-run" }, { "region": "US", "term": "Deadman switch / enable" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "持壓開關 / 安全開關" } ], "false_friends": [ "A three-position enabling device is not the same as a simple hold-to-run button: it stops both when released AND when squeezed fully, which is the behaviour that matters when someone is startled." ], "see_also": [ "e-stop" ], "safety_critical": true, "tags": [ "automation", "safety", "control" ], "confidence": "reported", "sources": [ { "title": "ISO 13849-1 safety-related parts of control systems", "url": "https://www.iso.org/standard/69883.html", "publisher": "ISO", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "deck", "en": "Deck / the deck", "zh_hant": "舞台面／台板", "domain": "scenic", "definition_en": "The stage floor. Crews say \"clear the deck,\" \"walk the deck\" before a tech to check for trip hazards, and \"deck crew\" for whoever works at floor level during the show. A raked deck is a sloped one.", "definition_zh_hant": "舞台地板。「clear the deck」即淨空舞台面。台灣亦稱「台板」，香港常說「台面」。", "false_friends": [ "In audio and video, a \"deck\" is a playback or recording transport — a tape deck, an ISO deck. \"Roll the deck\" and \"clear the deck\" are instructions to different people about different things." ], "see_also": [ "rake", "ground-stack" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "scenic", "stage", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Stage (theatre)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_(theatre)", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true }, { "title": "Cassette deck", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassette_deck", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-22" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "delay-tower", "en": "Delay tower", "zh_hant": "延時塔", "domain": "audio", "definition_en": "A loudspeaker position deep in a large audience area, fed the same mix delayed to match the arrival of sound from the main PA, so distant listeners get level without echo. The delay time is distance over the speed of sound: the maths in the speaker delay tool.", "definition_zh_hant": "大型場地觀眾區後方的補聲塔，訊號按與主 PA 的距離加延時，遠處觀眾有音量而無回聲。延時就是距離除以聲速。", "see_also": [ "front-fill" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "audio", "pa", "festival", "system-design" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "deputy-stage-manager", "en": "Deputy stage manager (DSM)", "zh_hant": "執行舞台監督／副舞台監督", "zh_hans": "执行舞台监督", "domain": "stage-management", "definition_en": "In the British system the DSM sits at the prompt corner, holds the book and calls the show. The stage manager runs the backstage floor and the department and does not usually call. In the American system the production stage manager calls the show and there is no DSM at all.", "definition_zh_hant": "英式體系裡，執行舞台監督坐在提示角、拿著 prompt book、負責報 cue。舞台監督管後台現場和整個部門，通常不報 cue。美式體系由 stage manager 自己報 cue，根本沒有 DSM 這個職位。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK", "term": "DSM", "note": "Calls the show from the prompt corner." }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "舞台監督", "note": "港臺的舞台監督通常自己報 cue，職務範圍比較接近美式 SM。" } ], "false_friends": [ "\"Stage manager\" does not tell you who calls the show. In the UK it is the DSM, in the US the SM. Get it wrong in a contract and nobody is on the book.", "中文「舞台監督」對應 SM 還是 DSM，要看製作採哪一套體系，不能直接對譯。", "ASM is assistant stage manager, a floor role. Deputy and assistant are not interchangeable ranks in the British structure." ], "see_also": [ "call", "cue" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "stage-management", "roles", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Prompt corner", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prompt_corner", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-16", "primary": true }, { "title": "舞台表演的操作管理（麥秋）", "url": "https://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/tc/public-admin/related-bodies-schemes/edu-schemes-fund/drama/ch22.pdf", "publisher": "香港教育局", "accessed": "2026-08-16" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "di-box", "en": "DI box", "zh_hant": "DI 盒", "domain": "audio", "definition_en": "A box that converts a high-impedance, unbalanced instrument output into a low-impedance balanced mic-level signal that can run down a long multicore without picking up noise. Passive types use a transformer; active types need phantom or a battery.", "definition_zh_hant": "把高阻抗、非平衡的樂器輸出轉換成低阻抗平衡麥克風位準訊號的設備，使訊號能走長距離多芯線而不拾取雜訊。被動式使用變壓器，主動式則需幻象電源或電池。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK", "term": "DI box" }, { "region": "US", "term": "DI / direct box" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "DI 盒 / 直入盒" } ], "false_friends": [ "A ground-lift switch on a DI lifts the shield at the box end only. It fixes hum from a ground loop; it does not fix hum from a bad mains supply, and it never makes an unsafe rig safe." ], "see_also": [ "phantom-power", "line-check" ], "tags": [ "audio", "stage", "impedance" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "dichroic", "en": "Dichroic filter", "zh_hant": "二向色濾片", "domain": "lighting", "definition_en": "A filter that reflects the wavelengths it does not pass, rather than absorbing them. Made from thin interference coatings on glass. Because the rejected light leaves rather than turning into heat in the filter, a dichroic survives sitting in a beam that would burn a gel to ash in seconds — which is why colour-mixing flags in moving lights are dichroic and not gel.", "definition_zh_hant": "把不通過的波長反射掉、而非吸收掉的濾片，以玻璃上的薄膜干涉鍍層製成。被擋下的光是離開而非在濾片內轉為熱，所以二向色濾片能長時間待在會把色紙瞬間燒穿的光束裡 —— 這正是搖頭燈的混色葉片用二向色而非色紙的原因。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Dichroic / dichro" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "二向色濾片 / 分光鏡片" } ], "false_friends": [ "A dichroic works by interference, so its colour shifts with the angle light strikes it. The edge of a beam reads differently from the centre; that is physics, not a faulty filter." ], "see_also": [ "gel", "subtractive-mixing" ], "tags": [ "lighting", "colour", "optics" ], "sources": [ { "title": "CIE colorimetry and colour mixing fundamentals", "url": "https://cie.co.at/e-ilv", "publisher": "International Commission on Illumination", "accessed": "2026-08-29", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-29" }, { "id": "dimmer", "en": "Dimmer", "zh_hant": "調光器", "domain": "lighting", "definition_en": "The device that varies power to a lighting load. A generation ago every stage light lived on a dimmer channel; now most fixtures dim themselves and dimmers survive for tungsten, practicals and houselights, with \"hot power\" (constant circuits) doing the rest.", "definition_zh_hant": "控制燈具電力的設備。以前每盞燈都行 dimmer channel；而家大部分燈自己調光，dimmer 留返俾鎢絲燈、道具燈同觀眾席燈，其餘行常火。", "see_also": [ "patch" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "lighting", "power", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true }, { "title": "Dimmer", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimmer", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-22" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "dmx-address", "en": "DMX address", "zh_hant": "DMX 位址", "zh_hans": "DMX 地址", "domain": "lighting", "definition_en": "A numbered control slot from 1 to 512 within one DMX universe. A fixture's start address is the first slot it reads; a fixture with a larger DMX footprint then uses the following consecutive slots for its remaining parameters.", "definition_zh_hant": "一個 DMX universe 內由 1 至 512 編號的控制位址。燈具的起始位址是它讀取的第一個位址； 若燈具的 DMX footprint 較大，其餘參數會依次使用後續位址。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "DMX address / start address" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "DMX address / DMX 位址" } ], "false_friends": [ "A console channel is a user-facing control number and may be patched to a different DMX address; the two numbers are not necessarily the same.", "An address is only unique inside its universe. Address 1 in universe 1 and address 1 in universe 2 control different slots." ], "see_also": [ "patch", "dmx-universe" ], "related_protocols": [ "dmx512" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "lighting", "dmx", "addressing" ], "sources": [ { "title": "ANSI E1.11 - 2024, Entertainment Technology - USITT DMX512-A", "url": "https://tsp.esta.org/tsp/documents/published_docs.php", "publisher": "ESTA Technical Standards Program", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "primary": true } ], "contributed_by": [ "iibaranov-IG" ], "updated": "2026-09-11" }, { "id": "dmx-universe", "en": "Universe", "zh_hant": "一條 DMX 線路 (universe)", "domain": "lighting", "definition_en": "One complete DMX512 stream of 512 channels. Everything about rig capacity is counted in universes: a console outputs so many, a node converts so many, a fixture in its largest personality eats a chunk of one.", "definition_zh_hant": "一組完整的 DMX512 訊號，含 512 個通道。燈光系統的容量都以 universe 計算：控台輸出幾條、節點轉換幾條、燈具在最大模式下吃掉其中多少通道。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Universe" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "Universe / 宇宙 / 線路" } ], "false_friends": [ "An sACN universe number and an Art-Net universe are not the same field. Art-Net splits a 15-bit port-address into Net, Sub-Net and Universe, so \"universe 5\" can mean two different wires." ], "see_also": [ "patch" ], "related_protocols": [ "dmx512", "sacn", "art-net" ], "tags": [ "lighting", "dmx", "addressing" ], "sources": [ { "title": "ANSI E1.31 (sACN)", "url": "https://tsp.esta.org/tsp/documents/published_docs.php", "publisher": "ESTA TSP", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "downstage", "en": "Downstage", "zh_hant": "下舞台（舞台前方）", "domain": "general", "definition_en": "The part of the stage nearest the audience: downhill on a historical raked stage. Cross downstage and you get closer to the house.", "definition_zh_hant": "舞台上最接近觀眾的區域，斜舞台的「下坡」方向。", "see_also": [ "upstage", "rake" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "stage-directions", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "dresser", "en": "Dresser", "zh_hant": "服裝助理", "domain": "wardrobe", "definition_en": "The wardrobe crew member assigned to get a performer in and out of costume on time, including the quick changes that happen in the wings with seconds to spare. Works to a plot of who is where, in what, at which cue.", "definition_zh_hant": "負責讓演員準時穿脫服裝的服裝組人員，包括在側台只有數秒時間完成的快換。依據一份標明「誰、在哪裡、穿什麼、在哪個 cue」的表工作。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Dresser" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "服裝助理 / 跟裝" } ], "see_also": [ "quick-change", "plot" ], "tags": [ "wardrobe", "crew" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "drop-frame", "en": "Drop frame", "zh_hant": "丟幀時碼", "domain": "video", "definition_en": "A timecode counting scheme that skips frame numbers 00 and 01 at the start of every minute except every tenth minute, so the count stays in step with the wall clock at 29.97 fps. It drops numbers, not frames — no picture is lost. 108 labels an hour, which is very close to the 107.89 frames a 30 fps counter gains over real 29.97 time.", "definition_zh_hant": "一種時碼計數方式：每分鐘開頭跳過 00 與 01 兩個幀號，但每第十分鐘不跳，使計數在 29.97 fps 下與牆上的時鐘同步。它丟的是編號而不是畫格，沒有任何影像遺失。每小時跳過 108 個編號，與 30 fps 計數器相對真實 29.97 時間所多算的 107.89 格非常接近。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Drop frame / DF, against non-drop / NDF" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "丟幀 / 掉幀時碼" } ], "false_friends": [ "The name is the problem; no picture is dropped. And 00:01:00:00 is not a valid drop-frame time at all, so a system that accepts it is not validating." ], "see_also": [ "frame-rate", "biphase-mark", "quarter-frame" ], "tags": [ "video", "timecode", "sync" ], "sources": [ { "title": "SMPTE ST 12-1 Time and Control Code", "url": "https://www.smpte.org/standards", "publisher": "SMPTE", "accessed": "2026-08-29", "primary": true } ], "related_protocols": [ "ltc", "mtc" ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-29" }, { "id": "dry-ice", "en": "Dry ice", "zh_hant": "乾冰", "domain": "safety", "definition_en": "Solid carbon dioxide at about minus 78 degrees Celsius. Dropped into hot water it produces dense white low fog, doing the chilling and the fog-making in one gesture and with no machine in the sight line. It sublimes directly from solid to gas, so it leaves no liquid behind.", "definition_zh_hant": "固態二氧化碳，約攝氏零下 78 度。投入熱水即產生濃密的白色低空煙，同時完成冷卻與造霧，且視線內不需要機器。它由固態直接昇華為氣體，不會留下液體。", "false_friends": [ "The visible white cloud is condensed water vapour from the air, not the carbon dioxide. The gas itself is invisible, and it is the gas that displaces air.", "It is a contact hazard as well as an atmosphere one. At minus 78 degrees it causes cold burns, and it must never be transported in a sealed container or in an unventilated vehicle cab." ], "see_also": [ "low-fog", "fog" ], "safety_critical": true, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "atmospherics", "effects", "safety", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "ANSI E1.23 — Design, Execution, and Maintenance of Atmospheric Effects", "url": "https://tsp.esta.org/tsp/documents/docs/ESTA_ANSI_E1-23-2010-R2015.pdf", "publisher": "ESTA Technical Standards Program", "accessed": "2026-10-09", "primary": true }, { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-10-09" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-10-09" }, { "id": "dry-tech", "en": "Dry tech", "zh_hant": "無演員技術排練", "zh_hans": "无演员技术排练", "domain": "stage-management", "definition_en": "A technical rehearsal run without performers, so departments can work through scene changes, cue sequences and automation moves at their own pace before anyone is put into them. It is usually the cheapest place in the schedule to find the problems.", "definition_zh_hant": "不帶演員的技術排練，讓各部門先按自己的節奏走一次換景、cue 的順序和機械動作，再讓演員進來。整個進度表裡，這是找出問題成本最低的時段。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "Dry tech", "note": "中文沒有固定譯法，口語多半直接講英文，或說「不帶演員的技排」。" } ], "false_friends": [ "把 dry tech 譯成「乾排」會被理解成不帶技術的走位排練，意思剛好相反。", "A dry tech is not a paper tech. A paper tech is a table meeting about where cues sit, with nothing switched on and nobody on stage.", "Scheduling a dry tech does not release the cast. Check the call sheet before anyone assumes a day off." ], "see_also": [ "tech-rehearsal", "cue" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "rehearsal", "stage-management", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Technical rehearsal", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_rehearsal", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-16", "primary": true } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "e-stop", "en": "E-stop / emergency stop", "zh_hant": "緊急停止", "domain": "automation", "definition_en": "The mushroom-head button that removes motive power from an automation system immediately. It is a category of safety function with a defined behaviour, not just a big red switch: it must be hardwired, must not rely on the software that might be the thing failing, and must be reachable from wherever a person could be hurt.", "definition_zh_hant": "按下即切斷自動化系統動力的蕈狀頭按鈕。它是一種有明確行為定義的安全功能，不只是一顆紅色大按鈕：必須為硬體佈線、不得依賴可能正在故障的軟體，且在任何可能造成人員傷害的位置都必須伸手可及。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "E-stop / emergency stop" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "緊急停止 / 急停" } ], "false_friends": [ "An e-stop is not a pause and not a hold. It drops power, which on some machines means a controlled brake and on others means the load stops where friction leaves it. Know which before you need it." ], "see_also": [ "deadman", "lockout-tagout" ], "safety_critical": true, "tags": [ "automation", "safety", "control" ], "confidence": "reported", "sources": [ { "title": "ISO 13850 / machinery emergency stop principles", "url": "https://www.iso.org/standard/59970.html", "publisher": "ISO", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "edge-blend", "en": "Edge blend", "zh_hant": "邊緣融合", "domain": "video", "definition_en": "Overlapping two or more projectors and ramping the brightness down across the overlap so the join disappears. The maths is easy; matching black level, colour and lamp age across the blend is what actually takes the day.", "definition_zh_hant": "讓兩台以上投影機的畫面重疊，並在重疊區將亮度漸變下降，使接縫消失。計算本身不難，真正耗時的是讓融合區兩側的黑階、色彩與燈泡老化程度一致。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Edge blend / soft edge" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "邊緣融合" } ], "false_friends": [ "Blending cannot fix black level. In a blended overlap two projectors both put up their black floor, so the overlap is visibly lighter in dark content no matter how good the ramp is." ], "see_also": [ "keying" ], "tags": [ "video", "projection" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Projection blending fundamentals", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-projector_display", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-26" } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "exclusion-zone", "en": "Exclusion zone", "zh_hant": "管制區", "domain": "safety", "definition_en": "An area kept clear of people while something dangerous happens in it: a load moving overhead, a piece of automation running, a pyrotechnic firing, a laser projecting. Marked, briefed and enforced by a named person, not assumed.", "definition_zh_hant": "在危險作業進行期間淨空人員的區域：頭頂有負載移動、自動化設備運行、煙火擊發、雷射投射等。必須劃設、宣達，並由指定人員執行，不能只是默認。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK", "term": "Exclusion zone / sterile area" }, { "region": "US", "term": "Clear zone / hot zone" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "管制區 / 淨空區" } ], "false_friends": [ "\"The area under the truss\" is not automatically an exclusion zone. It becomes one when someone declares it, marks it and stands on it. An unenforced zone is a line on a plan." ], "see_also": [ "lockout-tagout", "competent-person" ], "safety_critical": true, "tags": [ "safety", "site", "procedure" ], "confidence": "reported", "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "flame-effect", "en": "Flame effect", "zh_hant": "火焰效果", "domain": "safety", "definition_en": "A controlled open flame used as part of a performance, fuelled by gas or a liquid fuel rather than by a burning solid composition. Regulated separately from pyrotechnics — in the United States under NFPA 160 — because the hazards differ: a continuous fuel supply, a flame that can be sustained or re-ignited, and an abort that must remove fuel rather than simply stop a sequence.", "definition_zh_hant": "演出中使用的受控明火，以氣體或液體燃料驅動，而非燃燒固態藥劑。其法規與煙火分開（美國適用 NFPA 160），因為危害性質不同：燃料持續供應、火焰可持續或復燃，而且中止程序必須切斷燃料，不能只是停止序列。", "false_friends": [ "A flame effect abort is not a pause. It has to remove the fuel, which is why the control is usually a physical key or valve rather than a spoken cue.", "The hazard is not only the flame. It is also the heat above it, the products of combustion in an enclosed room, and the oxygen it consumes." ], "see_also": [ "pyro", "abort" ], "safety_critical": true, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "pyro", "effects", "safety", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "NFPA 1126, Standard for the Use of Pyrotechnics Before a Proximate Audience", "url": "https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1126-standard-development/1126", "publisher": "National Fire Protection Association", "accessed": "2026-10-09", "primary": true }, { "title": "NFPA 160, Standard for the Use of Flame Effects Before an Audience", "url": "https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-160-standard-development/160", "publisher": "National Fire Protection Association", "accessed": "2026-10-09", "primary": true } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-10-09" }, { "id": "flat", "en": "Flat", "zh_hant": "景片", "domain": "scenic", "definition_en": "A rectangular scenic unit — a lightweight frame covered in muslin or luan — built, painted, and either flown in on a batten or braced upright at the edge of the stage with a stage weight or brace. The basic unit most built scenery still reduces to, long before anyone says \"unit set\" or \"modular.\"", "definition_zh_hant": "木框或鋁框繃布或釘板的平面景，是硬景的基本單位。", "false_friends": [ "Lighting crews use \"flat\" for shadowless, low-contrast light — the opposite problem from a piece of scenery. \"It's reading flat\" on comms is almost always about the light, not the build." ], "see_also": [ "stage-weight" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "scenic", "construction", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Flat (theatre)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_(theatre)", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true }, { "title": "Stage Lighting Design, Part 5: Lighting Angles", "url": "https://blog.etcconnect.com/stage-lighting-design-part-5", "publisher": "ETC (Electronic Theatre Controls)", "accessed": "2026-08-22" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "fly", "en": "Fly", "zh_hant": "吊桿／拉 fly", "zh_hans": "吊杆／拉 fly", "domain": "rigging", "definition_en": "To move scenery, lighting bars or people vertically on a suspension system, and by extension the bar itself. Flying happens over people's heads, so the word carries a standing instruction with it: call it, clear underneath, and watch the load all the way to its dead.", "definition_zh_hant": "用懸吊系統把佈景、燈桿或人上下移動，也用來指吊桿本身。吊桿在人頭上作業，所以講到 fly 就一定要先喊、先清底下的人、再看著它走到定位。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "HK", "term": "吊杆", "note": "康文署官方中文技術資料寫「吊杆」。" }, { "region": "TW", "term": "吊桿", "note": "臺中國家歌劇院技術資料寫「吊桿」。" }, { "region": "TW", "term": "拉 Fly", "note": "臺灣現場口語，指操作吊桿升降。" } ], "false_friends": [ "香港官方中文寫「吊杆」，臺灣寫「吊桿」，是同一件設備的不同寫法，不是兩種東西。", "In audio \"fly it\" can mean rig a line array, and on tour \"fly\" can mean air freight. In a venue with a grid, assume a bar is about to move.", "Flying a performer is a different trade from flying scenery, with its own standard and its own competence requirements. Do not merge the two calls." ], "see_also": [ "dead", "spike" ], "safety_critical": true, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "rigging", "flying", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Fly system", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_system", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-16", "primary": true }, { "title": "香港大會堂劇院詳細技術設施資料（中文）", "url": "https://www.lcsd.gov.hk/en/tech/common/pdf/b5/hkch-th-lfc.pdf", "publisher": "康樂及文化事務署", "accessed": "2026-08-16" }, { "title": "臺中國家歌劇院 技術資料", "url": "https://www.npac-ntt.org/venuehire/technical", "publisher": "臺中國家歌劇院", "accessed": "2026-08-16" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "focus", "en": "Focus", "zh_hant": "對燈", "zh_hans": "对灯", "domain": "lighting", "definition_en": "Pointing and shaping each lighting fixture: where the beam lands, how hard the edge is, what it has to miss. A focus session is a scheduled call with the designer on the deck and electrics up ladders, not something squeezed in while other departments work underneath.", "definition_zh_hant": "把每一盞燈調到位：光打在哪裡、邊緣多硬、要避開什麼。對燈是排定的工作時段，設計在台上、燈光組在梯上，底下不能同時有別的部門在做事。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "對燈", "note": "兩地口語一致，不用「對焦」。" } ], "false_friends": [ "「對焦」和「聚焦」是相機用語。跟華語劇組講「對焦」，來的可能是影像組。", "In moving light programming a focus can also be a stored pan and tilt position recalled by name. The activity and the stored value are different.", "Soft focus describes the beam edge. It does not mean the fixture is incorrectly focused." ], "see_also": [ "gel", "gobo", "plot" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "lighting", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Stage lighting", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_lighting", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-16", "primary": true }, { "title": "請走、拉fly、下舞台？劇場黑話大破解", "url": "https://www.thenewslens.com/article/67015", "publisher": "The News Lens 關鍵評論網", "accessed": "2026-08-16" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "fog", "en": "Fog", "zh_hant": "煙霧／煙", "domain": "general", "definition_en": "A visible cloud of condensed fluid droplets, a few micrometres across, produced by flashing a glycol or glycerin solution to vapour and letting it condense in room air. Large enough to attenuate every visible wavelength about equally, which is why it reads neutral white and why you cannot see through it. Distinct from haze, which is a smaller particle doing a different optical job, and from smoke, which is a product of combustion.", "definition_zh_hant": "由甘醇或甘油溶液加熱汽化後在室溫空氣中凝結而成的可見霧團，液滴直徑數微米。因為顆粒夠大，對可見光各波長的衰減大致相同，所以呈中性白色且無法透視。與 haze（顆粒更小、作用不同）及 smoke（燃燒產物）均不相同。", "false_friends": [ "Fog is not a lot of haze. The difference is droplet size, not quantity: turning a hazer up gives you too much haze, not fog.", "Fog is not smoke. Smoke is solid combustion particulate, falls under different rules, and leaves residue." ], "see_also": [ "haze", "low-fog", "smoke" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "atmospherics", "effects", "lighting", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "ANSI E1.23 — Design, Execution, and Maintenance of Atmospheric Effects", "url": "https://tsp.esta.org/tsp/documents/docs/ESTA_ANSI_E1-23-2010-R2015.pdf", "publisher": "ESTA Technical Standards Program", "accessed": "2026-10-09", "primary": true }, { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-10-09" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-10-09" }, { "id": "followspot", "en": "Followspot", "zh_hant": "追光燈", "domain": "lighting", "definition_en": "A manually operated spotlight that follows a performer, run by an operator on cue: iris, douser, colour boomerang and all. Modern remote-followspot systems move the operator off the truss and onto a camera-based console.", "definition_zh_hant": "由操作員手動追住表演者嘅聚光燈，聽 cue 做 iris、douser、換色。新式遙控追光將操作員由天橋移到鏡頭操作台。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK (older)", "term": "Limes", "note": "歷史上用石灰光，行內口語仍然講。" } ], "see_also": [ "focus" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "lighting", "operators", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true }, { "title": "Followspot operator", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Followspot_operator", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-22" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "frame-rate", "en": "Frame rate", "zh_hant": "影格率", "domain": "video", "definition_en": "How many complete images a video signal carries per second. On a show it is a system-wide decision, not a per-device one: content, playback, switcher, processor, LED wall and camera all have to agree, or something judders.", "definition_zh_hant": "影像訊號每秒傳送的完整畫面數。在演出中這是全系統的決定而非單機設定：內容、播放、切換台、處理器、LED 屏與攝影機必須一致，否則某處會出現跳動。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Frame rate / fps" }, { "region": "HK", "term": "幀率" }, { "region": "TW", "term": "影格率" } ], "false_friends": [ "29.97 and 30 are not the same, and 23.976 is not 24. The 1000/1001 pull-down is where drifting timecode and rejected content files come from." ], "see_also": [ "pixel-pitch" ], "related_protocols": [ "ltc", "genlock" ], "tags": [ "video", "timing", "timecode" ], "sources": [ { "title": "SMPTE ST 12-1 time and control code", "url": "https://pub.smpte.org/doc/st12-1/", "publisher": "SMPTE", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "front-fill", "en": "Front fill", "zh_hant": "前區補聲", "domain": "audio", "definition_en": "Small loudspeakers along the stage edge covering the first rows, which sit under the main PA's coverage. Time-aligned to the mains so the image stays on stage rather than at the nearest box.", "definition_zh_hant": "舞台邊沿的小喇叭，補主 PA 蓋不到的前幾行觀眾，同主系統做時間對齊，聲像先會留喺台上。", "see_also": [ "delay-tower" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "audio", "pa", "system-design" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "front-of-house", "en": "Front of house (FOH)", "zh_hant": "前台（觀眾服務）／FOH 控制位（音響）", "zh_hans": "前台／FOH 控制位", "domain": "general", "definition_en": "In theatre, front of house is everything on the audience side of the proscenium plus the staff who run it: box office, ushers, bars, and the duty manager who owns the decision to hold the curtain. In live sound, FOH is the mix position out in the house and the main system it drives.", "definition_zh_hant": "在劇場，前台指台口以外觀眾這一側的所有空間和負責的人：售票、帶位、酒吧，以及有權決定延後開演的值班經理。在演唱會音響裡，FOH 指觀眾席中的混音位置和它推動的主擴系統。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "前台", "note": "音響組講 FOH 時通常不翻譯，直接說 FOH。" } ], "false_friends": [ "同一封 email 裡的兩個 FOH 常常不是同一件事。音響組指混音位置，前台組指觀眾服務，要先問清楚。", "An FOH bar in a UK theatre sells drinks. An FOH bar in lighting is a lighting position over the auditorium. Same two words, different trade.", "An FOH engineer and a house manager are unrelated roles even though both are described as front of house." ], "see_also": [ "house", "green-room", "iron-safety-curtain" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "venue", "audio", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Front of house", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_of_house", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-16", "primary": true }, { "title": "Hong Kong City Hall Theatre — technical specification", "url": "https://www.lcsd.gov.hk/en/tech/common/pdf/en/hkch-th-lfe.pdf", "publisher": "Leisure and Cultural Services Department", "accessed": "2026-08-16" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "gain-before-feedback", "en": "Gain before feedback (GBF)", "zh_hant": "回授前增益", "domain": "audio", "definition_en": "How much a microphone can be turned up before the system starts to ring, usually talked about in dB of headroom above operating level. Driven far more by mic placement and polar pattern than by EQ — moving a vocal mic six inches closer to the mouth usually buys more GBF than any amount of notching ever will.", "definition_zh_hant": "麥克風在系統開始鳴叫（回授）之前還能推多大。決定於音箱與麥克風的相對位置、指向性與空間，而不是等化器。", "see_also": [ "ring-out" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "audio", "feedback", "system-design", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Gain before feedback", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gain_before_feedback", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true }, { "title": "Gain Before Feedback", "url": "https://www.sweetwater.com/insync/gain-before-feedback/", "publisher": "Sweetwater InSync", "accessed": "2026-08-22" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "gel", "en": "Gel", "zh_hant": "色紙", "zh_hans": "色纸", "domain": "lighting", "definition_en": "A sheet of coloured polyester or polycarbonate placed in front of a lamp to colour the beam. Modern gel is not gelatine; the name survives from the material used before plastics, and is specified by a manufacturer's number rather than by a colour name.", "definition_zh_hant": "放在燈前面替光上色的塑膠色片。現在的色紙不是明膠做的，這個英文名字只是從塑膠出現以前的材料留下來的。實務上用廠牌編號指定，不用顏色名稱。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "色紙", "note": "兩地口語一致。" } ], "false_friends": [ "「凝膠」是 gel 的字典翻譯，在劇場是錯的。要講色紙。", "Diffusion and frost come in the same swatch books and the same size sheets but are not colour. Asking for \"a gel\" when you want frost gets the wrong sheet.", "Colour correction filters such as CTB and CTO are gels, but they are specified by mired shift, not by how blue or orange they look." ], "see_also": [ "gobo", "focus" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "lighting", "consumables", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Color gel", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_gel", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-16", "primary": true }, { "title": "Stage lighting", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_lighting", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-16" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "get-in", "en": "Get-in", "zh_hant": "入台", "zh_hans": "入台", "domain": "production-management", "definition_en": "The British and Hong Kong word for load-in: the production arriving at the venue and going up. The same word also names the physical access route, so \"what is the get-in like\" is a question about the dock, the doors and the lift, not about the schedule.", "definition_zh_hant": "英式和香港說法的裝台：製作進場、把演出裝起來。同一個字也指實體進場路線，所以問「get-in 怎麼樣」是在問卸貨區、大門和貨梯，不是在問進度表。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK", "term": "Get-in" }, { "region": "HK", "term": "入台", "note": "香港的入台進度表在英文文件裡寫 move-in schedule。" }, { "region": "US", "term": "Load-in" }, { "region": "TW", "term": "裝台" }, { "region": "AU / NZ", "term": "Bump-in" } ], "false_friends": [ "Get-in names both the process and the access route. A rider asking for get-in dimensions wants door and dock sizes, not a timetable.", "香港的「入台」涵蓋整段進場期間，臺灣的「裝台」比較偏實際搭建的動作。", "Get-in and fit-up are not the same. Fit-up is assembling the set; the get-in is the whole arrival." ], "see_also": [ "load-in", "load-out", "strike" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "scheduling", "production", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "舞台表演的操作管理（麥秋）", "url": "https://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/tc/public-admin/related-bodies-schemes/edu-schemes-fund/drama/ch22.pdf", "publisher": "香港教育局", "accessed": "2026-08-16", "primary": true }, { "title": "Glossary of theater terms", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_theater_terms", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-16" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "go", "en": "Go", "zh_hant": "GO／執行", "zh_hans": "GO／执行", "domain": "stage-management", "definition_en": "The single word that executes a cue. It is said last, on its own, at the exact frame the action should happen, and it is the only thing on a headset that means act now. The convention around it is deliberate: the cue is named in the standby, acknowledged by each department, and then the operator is given nothing further to parse except the word itself.", "definition_zh_hant": "執行 cue 的唯一指令詞。它單獨出現、放在最後、落在動作應該發生的那一刻，也是通訊系統上唯一代表「現在動作」 的字。這套慣例是刻意的：cue 編號在 standby 時已經報過並由各部門確認，到了動作點，操作者除了這個字之外 不需要再分析任何資訊。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Go" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "GO", "note": "中文製作同樣直接喊英文 GO，不會譯成中文，正是因為這個字必須短、清楚、不會聽錯。" } ], "false_friends": [ "\"Go\" is not the Go programming language, however often a search engine disagrees. In a control room it is a cue trigger and nothing else.", "Never say the word go in any other sense while a standby is live. \"Can you go and check the DSL boom\" will fire a cue. The usual phrasings that avoid it are \"head over to\" and \"take a look at\".", "The cue number belongs in the standby, not the go. Naming it again invites the operator to act on hearing the number, which is how a cue goes early." ], "see_also": [ "standby", "cue", "call", "deputy-stage-manager" ], "safety_critical": true, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "stage-management", "cueing", "headset", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-10-09", "primary": true }, { "title": "舞台表演的操作管理（麥秋）", "url": "https://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/tc/public-admin/related-bodies-schemes/edu-schemes-fund/drama/ch22.pdf", "publisher": "香港教育局", "accessed": "2026-10-09" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-10-09" }, { "id": "gobo", "en": "Gobo", "zh_hant": "圖案片（gobo）", "zh_hans": "图案片", "domain": "lighting", "definition_en": "A cut metal or etched glass template placed at the gate of a profile fixture so the beam projects a pattern: leaves, window bars, texture, a logo. Sizes follow fixture-specific gate dimensions, so a gobo is bought against a fixture, not against a universal standard.", "definition_zh_hant": "放在聚光燈成像位置的金屬或玻璃片，讓光投射出圖案：樹葉、窗格、質感、標誌。尺寸依燈具的片框規格而定，所以買 gobo 要對著燈具型號買，沒有通用尺寸。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "Gobo", "note": "口語直接用英文，書面寫「圖案片」。" } ], "false_friends": [ "In audio a gobo is a movable acoustic screen used to isolate a source. Same word, different department, completely different object.", "對燈光組講「圖案片」沒問題，對影視或音響組講可能被理解成別的東西，講 gobo 最不會出錯。", "Glass and metal gobos are not interchangeable in every fixture. Holder depth and heat handling differ, and a glass gobo in the wrong gate cracks." ], "see_also": [ "gel", "focus" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "lighting", "consumables", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Gobo (lighting)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-16", "primary": true }, { "title": "Stage lighting", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_lighting", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-16" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "green-room", "en": "Green room", "zh_hant": "演員休息室", "zh_hans": "演员休息室", "domain": "general", "definition_en": "The shared room near the stage where performers and crew wait between calls. It is a working space carrying the show relay and the tannoy, which is why calls given there are expected to be heard and acted on.", "definition_zh_hant": "靠近舞台、演員和工作人員在等場時待著的公共空間。裡面接著演出實況轉播和廣播系統，所以在那裡叫的 call 是要聽到並且照做的。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "演員休息室", "note": "有些場地也叫「後台休息室」。" } ], "false_friends": [ "直譯成「綠色房間」沒有意義，房間本身通常也不是綠色的。", "A green room is shared. A dressing room is assigned and private. Riders that use the two interchangeably cause arguments on arrival.", "In broadcast the green room is where guests wait before going on air, with different access, security and hospitality expectations attached." ], "see_also": [ "front-of-house", "house" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "backstage", "venue", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Green room", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_room", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-16", "primary": true }, { "title": "Parts of a theatre", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parts_of_a_theatre", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-16" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "ground-stack", "en": "Ground stack", "zh_hant": "落地疊放", "domain": "audio", "definition_en": "A PA array built on the deck rather than flown from a rigging point — cabinets on a stacking frame, on subs, or straight on the floor. Faster to build and needs no rigging sign-off, but it eats sightlines, covers a smaller area evenly than a flown array of the same box count, and puts the entire weight of the hang on the floor instead of overhead.", "definition_zh_hant": "音箱直接疊在舞台面或台架上，而非吊掛。多用於無吊點或載重不足的場地。", "see_also": [ "front-fill", "fly", "deck" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "audio", "pa", "system-design", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Ground Stacking vs Flown Line Array Systems: Which is Best for Your Event?", "url": "https://www.ti-audio.com/guides/ground-stacking-vs-flown-line-array-systems.html", "publisher": "TI Audio", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true }, { "title": "Line array", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_array", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-22" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "haze", "en": "Haze", "zh_hant": "薄霧", "domain": "general", "definition_en": "A fine, even atmospheric suspension that makes light beams visible without reading as smoke. Distinct from fog (a visible cloud) and low fog (which hugs the floor); the fluid chemistry and exposure rules live in ANSI E1.5 and E1.23.", "definition_zh_hant": "令光束現形而唔似煙嘅均勻懸浮微粒。同 fog（成團嘅煙）同低煙（貼地）唔同。使用同暴露規範見 ANSI E1.5 / E1.23。", "false_friends": [ "Haze triggers ionisation smoke detectors: venues isolate specific zones for the effect through a permit process, and un-isolated haze is how a show meets the fire brigade mid-number." ], "see_also": [ "fog", "low-fog", "smoke", "blackout" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "atmospherics", "effects", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true }, { "title": "Theatrical smoke and fog", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_smoke_and_fog", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-22" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "heads-up", "en": "Heads up", "zh_hant": "小心上方／HEADS UP", "zh_hans": "小心上方／HEADS UP", "domain": "safety", "definition_en": "The call shouted when something is falling, or is about to move, overhead. It is not a general notification and it is not a figure of speech: it means something is coming down, protect yourself, and in most houses the correct response is to move rather than to look up. It is one of a very small number of calls anybody on a stage may make without authority, because the time cost of asking permission is the whole problem.", "definition_zh_hant": "當有物件掉落、或上方即將有動作時喊出的警告。它不是一般的通知，也不是日常用語：它的意思是「有東西從上面 下來，保護自己」，而在多數劇場裡正確反應是立刻離開該位置，而不是抬頭看。這是少數任何在台上的人都可以不經 授權直接喊出的警示之一，因為請示的時間成本正是問題本身。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK", "term": "Heads / heads up", "note": "The bare \"heads\" is the older and still common UK call." }, { "region": "US", "term": "Heads up" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "Heads up／小心" } ], "false_friends": [ "In ordinary speech a heads-up means advance notice of something minor. On a stage it means an object is in the air. Using it to mean \"just so you know\" is how the call gets ignored when it matters.", "The intuitive response — looking up to find the hazard — presents your face to it. Most houses teach moving out from under, or covering your head, and looking afterwards.", "It is distinct from \"walking\", which warns that a load is moving horizontally through a space at ground level." ], "see_also": [ "go", "hold" ], "safety_critical": true, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "safety", "rigging", "vocabulary", "stage-management" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-10-09", "primary": true } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-10-09" }, { "id": "hold", "en": "Hold", "zh_hant": "暫停／HOLD", "zh_hans": "暂停／HOLD", "domain": "stage-management", "definition_en": "The instruction to stop where you are without resetting. A hold freezes the sequence: a fade stops part way, a move stops mid-travel, and everything stays put until the stage manager either releases the hold or calls a reset. It is the instruction that buys thinking time, which is why it exists as a separate word from abort.", "definition_zh_hant": "要求「停在原地、不要歸零」的指令。Hold 會凍結整個序列：淡入淡出停在中途，移動停在半路，一切保持現狀， 直到舞台監督解除 hold 或另外下令歸位。它的作用是爭取思考時間，這也是它必須與 abort 分開成兩個字的原因。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Hold" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "Hold", "note": "中文製作同樣直接講 hold，與 GO 一樣保留英文以免聽錯。" } ], "false_friends": [ "A hold is not an abort. Hold means stay here and wait; abort means abandon the sequence. On moving automation the difference is a safety one.", "A hold is not a pause button. Nothing resets, and a fade left half way is a lighting state nobody designed. Wait to be told what to do next.", "Not a cargo hold, and not the grip sense of the word. On a headset it is always the sequence instruction." ], "see_also": [ "go", "standby", "cue" ], "safety_critical": true, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "stage-management", "cueing", "headset", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-10-09", "primary": true } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-10-09" }, { "id": "house-lights", "en": "House lights", "zh_hant": "觀眾席燈", "domain": "lighting", "definition_en": "The lighting over the audience seating. Controlled from the console during a show and from a panel at front of house otherwise, and the one lighting circuit that has to work when everything else has failed.", "definition_zh_hant": "觀眾席上方的照明。演出中由控台控制，其餘時間由前廳的面板控制。這是所有燈光迴路中，在其他系統全部失效時仍必須能運作的一路。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK", "term": "House lights / houselights" }, { "region": "US", "term": "House lights" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "觀眾席燈 / 大燈" } ], "false_friends": [ "House lights are not the same as working lights. Work lights are for the crew and usually stay up during a changeover; house lights are part of the show and part of the egress plan." ], "see_also": [ "house", "blackout" ], "tags": [ "lighting", "venue", "front-of-house" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "house", "en": "House", "zh_hant": "觀眾席", "zh_hans": "观众席", "domain": "general", "definition_en": "The part of the building the audience occupies. \"House open\" means the audience may come in, which fixes the moment work on stage has to stop. The word also attaches to anything belonging to the venue rather than to the visiting production.", "definition_zh_hant": "觀眾所在的區域。「開 house」是放觀眾入場，也就是台上工作必須停下來的時間點。這個字也用來指場地自備、而不是製作帶來的東西。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "HK", "term": "觀眾席", "note": "康文署官方中文技術資料使用「觀眾席」，英文版寫 auditorium。" }, { "region": "TW", "term": "觀眾席" } ], "false_friends": [ "House left and house right are read from the audience's seat and are the mirror image of stage left and stage right. This reverses on every call.", "House lights, house sound and house rig mean the venue's own equipment. None of them refer to the seating area.", "中文「前台」偏向觀眾服務單位，「觀眾席」才是 house 這個空間，兩者不能互換。" ], "see_also": [ "front-of-house", "blackout" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "venue", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Parts of a theatre", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parts_of_a_theatre", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-16", "primary": true }, { "title": "香港大會堂劇院詳細技術設施資料（中文）", "url": "https://www.lcsd.gov.hk/en/tech/common/pdf/b5/hkch-th-lfc.pdf", "publisher": "康樂及文化事務署", "accessed": "2026-08-16" }, { "title": "Hong Kong City Hall Theatre — technical specification", "url": "https://www.lcsd.gov.hk/en/tech/common/pdf/en/hkch-th-lfe.pdf", "publisher": "Leisure and Cultural Services Department", "accessed": "2026-08-16" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "hrtf", "en": "HRTF", "zh_hant": "頭部相關傳輸函數", "domain": "audio", "definition_en": "Head-related transfer function: the filtering a listener’s head, torso and outer ear impose on a sound before it reaches the eardrum. Interaural time and level differences only ever resolve left and right; it is the notches the pinna carves into the spectrum that carry elevation and front-versus-behind. The filters are individual, so a generic HRTF gives someone else’s localisation and is the usual cause of front-back confusion in binaural rendering.", "definition_zh_hant": "頭部相關傳輸函數：聲音抵達耳膜之前，受聽者頭部、軀幹與外耳所施加的濾波效果。雙耳時間差與 強度差只能判別左右；真正承載仰角與前後訊息的，是耳廓在頻譜上刻出的凹陷。這組濾波器因人而 異，因此通用 HRTF 給的是別人的定位能力，也正是雙耳算繪中前後混淆的主因。", "false_friends": [ "Binaural and stereo are not the same thing. Binaural encodes a full sphere through HRTF filtering and assumes headphones; stereo encodes a pair of loudspeaker feeds." ], "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "HRTF" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "HRTF", "note": "The acronym travels; 頭部相關傳輸函數 is written, not spoken." } ], "tags": [ "audio", "spatial", "binaural", "psychoacoustics" ], "sources": [ { "title": "ITU-R BS series recommendations on sound systems and assessment", "url": "https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-BS/en", "publisher": "International Telecommunication Union", "accessed": "2026-08-29", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-29" }, { "id": "iem", "en": "IEM (in-ear monitor)", "zh_hant": "入耳式監聽", "domain": "audio", "definition_en": "A personal monitor mix sent to a performer over a body-pack receiver and moulded or universal earpieces, instead of a wedge on the deck. Each mix needs its own RF channel, so a band on IEMs plus radio mics is a frequency coordination job before it is an audio one.", "definition_zh_hant": "以腰包接收機與訂製或通用耳機送給表演者的個人監聽混音，取代放在台面的地板監聽。每一路混音需要一組獨立的無線頻率，因此樂團同時使用 IEM 與無線麥克風時，先是頻率協調問題，其次才是混音問題。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "IEMs / in-ears" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "入耳式監聽 / IEM / 耳機監聽" } ], "false_friends": [ "IEM transmitters and radio mic receivers occupy the same spectrum from opposite directions. Plan them as one frequency plan, not two, or the transmitters will sit on top of the mics." ], "see_also": [ "monitor-wedge", "line-check" ], "tags": [ "audio", "monitors", "rf" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "iron-safety-curtain", "en": "Iron / safety curtain", "zh_hant": "防火幕（臺灣）／防火閘（香港）", "zh_hans": "防火幕", "domain": "safety", "definition_en": "A fire-rated barrier that drops in the proscenium opening to separate the stage from the auditorium. It is a statutory life safety device, its operation normally has to be demonstrated to the fire authority, and its travel path has to be kept clear at all times, including during a get-out.", "definition_zh_hant": "裝在台口、放下來就把舞台和觀眾席隔開的防火屏障。它是法定的救生設備，動作通常要向消防單位示範，行程範圍任何時候都不能有東西擋住，拆台時也一樣。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK", "term": "The iron", "note": "Not slang. In UK houses this is the licensed fire barrier." }, { "region": "HK", "term": "防火閘", "note": "康文署技術資料寫「消防處視舞台的防火閘為安全屏障」。" }, { "region": "TW", "term": "防火幕" }, { "region": "US", "term": "Fire curtain" } ], "false_friends": [ "「防火幕」和「防火閘」是同一件設備的兩地寫法。臺灣的 rider 問防火幕，就是香港場地的防火閘。", "Flame-retardant drapes are not a safety curtain. Treating a treated cloth as fire separation is a licensing failure, not a shortcut.", "\"Bring in the iron\" is an instruction to drop a heavy fire barrier through the proscenium line. Anything stored on that line will be destroyed or will stop the curtain from sealing." ], "see_also": [ "house", "wings", "front-of-house" ], "safety_critical": true, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "safety", "fire", "venue" ], "sources": [ { "title": "香港大會堂劇院詳細技術設施資料（中文）", "url": "https://www.lcsd.gov.hk/en/tech/common/pdf/b5/hkch-th-lfc.pdf", "publisher": "康樂及文化事務署", "accessed": "2026-08-16", "primary": true }, { "title": "Hong Kong City Hall Theatre — technical specification", "url": "https://www.lcsd.gov.hk/en/tech/common/pdf/en/hkch-th-lfe.pdf", "publisher": "Leisure and Cultural Services Department", "accessed": "2026-08-16", "primary": true }, { "title": "Safety curtain", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_curtain", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-16" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "jam-sync", "en": "Jam sync", "zh_hant": "同步鎖定", "domain": "video", "definition_en": "Matching a timecode generator to incoming code and then continuing to generate in step. Continuous jam keeps correcting to the incoming code for as long as it is present; one-time jam takes the value once when armed and then free-runs on its own crystal. One-time jam is what a camera needs to keep sensible code after being unplugged, and it is also how a device silently stops following the master while still displaying plausible timecode.", "definition_zh_hant": "將時碼產生器對準輸入時碼後，繼續同步產生時碼。連續鎖定會在輸入時碼存在期間持續修正；單次 鎖定則只在啟動當下取值一次，之後便依自身晶振自由運行。攝影機拔線後仍要輸出合理時碼時需要 單次鎖定；但這也是裝置在畫面仍顯示合理時碼的情況下、悄悄停止跟隨主時鐘並開始漂移的原因。", "false_friends": [ "Freewheel is not jam sync. Freewheel is how long a reader keeps counting after code disappears; jam sync is a generator that took the time and now produces its own." ], "see_also": [ "biphase-mark" ], "related_protocols": [ "ltc", "mtc" ], "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Jam sync" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "Jam sync", "note": "Said in English; 同步鎖定 is the written form." } ], "tags": [ "timecode", "sync", "video" ], "sources": [ { "title": "SMPTE ST 12-1 time and control code", "url": "https://www.smpte.org/standards", "publisher": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers", "accessed": "2026-08-29", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-29" }, { "id": "keying", "en": "Keying (chroma key / luma key)", "zh_hant": "去背／鍵控", "domain": "video", "definition_en": "Making part of an image transparent so another source shows through it. Chroma key removes a specific colour — green or blue screen. Luma key removes a brightness range instead, which is why it still works on footage with no coloured screen at all: titles on black, or pulling a bright practical light through a layer.", "definition_zh_hant": "將畫面的一部分變成透明，讓另一個訊號透出。色鍵（chroma key）看顏色，亮度鍵（luma key）看亮度。", "false_friends": [ "Calling for \"a key\" on comms doesn't say which technique. If the background isn't a clean solid colour, chroma key won't pull it — you need luma key or a different composite instead." ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "video", "compositing", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Chroma key", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroma_key", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true }, { "title": "A Glossary of Live Production Buzzwords", "url": "https://www.bhphotovideo.com/explora/video/tips-and-solutions/a-glossary-of-live-production-buzzwords", "publisher": "B&H Photo Video / eXplora", "accessed": "2026-08-22" }, { "title": "Video Post-Production Workflow Guide: Keying", "url": "https://workflow.frame.io/guide/keying", "publisher": "Frame.io", "accessed": "2026-08-22" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "kill", "en": "Kill", "zh_hant": "關（切斷）", "domain": "safety", "definition_en": "To switch something off, immediately: kill the smoke, kill channel 5, kill pyro. In safety contexts it is the ONLY verb - a kill switch or e-stop removes energy and the call is not ambiguous. Never used casually about rigging or automation moves.", "definition_zh_hant": "即時切斷：kill 煙機、kill pyro。喺安全語境入面係唯一動詞，e-stop 斷能量，呢個字無歧義，所以唔會亂用。", "safety_critical": true, "confidence": "reported", "false_friends": [ "\"Lose\" (lose the haze) is a soft fade request; \"kill\" is now. Mixing them up on comms turns a taste note into an emergency stop, or worse, the reverse." ], "see_also": [ "blackout", "cue" ], "tags": [ "safety", "comms", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "latency", "en": "Latency", "zh_hant": "延遲", "domain": "general", "definition_en": "The time between something happening and the system showing or sounding it. Every conversion, network hop, scaler, processor and wireless link adds some, and it accumulates down a chain until a video wall no longer matches the PA and a performer no longer trusts their monitor.", "definition_zh_hant": "事件發生到系統呈現出來之間的時間差。每一次轉換、網路跳躍、縮放、處理與無線傳輸都會增加延遲，沿著訊號鏈累積，直到影像牆與 PA 不再同步、表演者不再信任自己的監聽。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Latency / delay" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "延遲" } ], "false_friends": [ "Audio and video latency are budgeted separately and then have to be reconciled. Fixing lip sync by delaying the audio can push the performer monitor feed past what they can play to." ], "see_also": [ "time-alignment", "skew" ], "related_protocols": [ "dante", "ndi", "smpte-st-2110" ], "tags": [ "general", "timing", "av" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "led-processor", "en": "LED processor / sending card", "zh_hant": "LED 處理器", "domain": "video", "definition_en": "The box between a video source and an LED wall that takes a standard video signal, scales and maps it onto the physical panel layout, and drives the receiving cards in the panels. It owns the colour, the gamma, the brightness and the frame rate the wall actually shows.", "definition_zh_hant": "介於影像訊號源與 LED 顯示屏之間的設備，接收標準影像訊號，縮放並對應到實際的箱體排列，再驅動箱體內的接收卡。屏幕最終呈現的色彩、gamma、亮度與更新率都由它決定。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Processor / sender" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "LED 處理器 / 發送卡" } ], "false_friends": [ "The processor, not the panel, usually causes camera flicker. Refresh rate and scan mode are processor settings, so \"the wall strobes on camera\" is nearly always a processor conversation." ], "see_also": [ "pixel-pitch", "scaler" ], "tags": [ "video", "led", "processing" ], "sources": [ { "title": "IEEE 1789 recommended practice on LED flicker", "url": "https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/1789/4479/", "publisher": "IEEE", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "legs", "en": "Legs", "zh_hant": "側幕", "domain": "scenic", "definition_en": "Narrow vertical drapes hung in pairs at the sides of the stage to mask the wings from the audience's sightline. Usually velour or commando cloth, hung with enough fullness that they do not look limp, and numbered from the proscenium upstage the same way battens are. Only the legs create the wing entrances — a border above them masks overhead, not the sides.", "definition_zh_hant": "掛在舞台兩側、成對出現的窄幕，用來遮擋側台視線並形成入口。", "see_also": [ "wings" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "scenic", "masking", "drapery", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Fabric Legs and Borders are on almost every stage… So what do they do exactly?", "url": "https://sewwhatinc.com/blog/2016/05/23/fabric-legs-and-borders-are-on-almost-every-stage-so-what-do-they-do-exactly/", "publisher": "Sew What? Inc.", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true }, { "title": "Stage (theatre)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_(theatre)", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-22" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "limit-switch", "en": "Limit switch", "zh_hant": "限位開關", "domain": "automation", "definition_en": "A sensor that tells an automation controller a moving axis has reached the end of its travel. Usually two layers: soft limits set in software for normal operation, and hard limits wired into the safety circuit for when the software is wrong.", "definition_zh_hant": "告訴自動化控制器某一運動軸已到達行程末端的感測器。通常分兩層：軟體中設定、供正常運作使用的軟限位，以及接入安全迴路、在軟體出錯時作用的硬限位。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Limit switch" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "限位開關 / 極限開關" } ], "false_friends": [ "A soft limit is a setting and can be edited or lost with a show file. A hard limit is wiring. If a rig has only soft limits, it has no protection against the file being wrong." ], "see_also": [ "e-stop", "deadman" ], "safety_critical": true, "tags": [ "automation", "control", "safety" ], "confidence": "reported", "sources": [ { "title": "ANSI E1.43 Performer Flying Systems", "url": "https://tsp.esta.org/tsp/documents/published_docs.php", "publisher": "ESTA TSP", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "line-array", "en": "Line array", "zh_hant": "線陣列", "domain": "audio", "definition_en": "A column of loudspeaker elements hung close together so they behave as one long source, throwing further and covering more evenly front to back than a stack of separate boxes. Coverage is set by splay angles between elements, calculated in the manufacturer prediction software before it leaves the shop.", "definition_zh_hant": "多個音箱單元緊密排列成一列，使其表現如同一個長形音源，投射更遠、前後覆蓋更均勻。覆蓋範圍由單元之間的夾角決定，在出庫前就以原廠預測軟體算好。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Line array" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "線陣列 / 線陣" } ], "false_friends": [ "A line array is not automatically louder. It trades vertical directivity for even coverage, and hung with the wrong splay it is just an expensive point source with comb filtering." ], "see_also": [ "ground-stack", "delay-tower" ], "tags": [ "audio", "pa", "loudspeaker" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "line-check", "en": "Line check", "zh_hant": "線路檢查", "domain": "audio", "definition_en": "Verifying every input reaches the console: mic by mic, DI by DI, before anyone plays a note. A soundcheck without a line check is how the first song opens with a dead vocal mic.", "definition_zh_hant": "逐路輸入證明訊號到台：每支咪、每個 DI，未 check 完無人開歌。", "see_also": [ "soundcheck", "patch" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "audio", "concert", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "link-aggregation", "en": "Link aggregation (LAG / LACP)", "zh_hant": "鏈路聚合", "domain": "networking", "definition_en": "Making several physical cables behave as one logical link, for redundancy and for total throughput. The switch picks a physical link per flow by hashing addresses or ports, so every packet of one conversation follows one cable and arrives in order.", "definition_zh_hant": "讓多條實體線路表現成一條邏輯鏈路，用於備援與提升總頻寬。交換器以位址或連接埠雜湊為每個流量選定一條實體線路，因此同一段對話的封包都走同一條線，順序得以維持。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "LAG / LACP / port channel / bonding" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "鏈路聚合 / 埠聚合" } ], "false_friends": [ "Aggregation is resilience always and bandwidth only sometimes. A single 1.4 Gbit/s stream across two 1 Gbit/s links does not work; it picks one link and drops the excess." ], "see_also": [ "vlan", "qos" ], "tags": [ "networking", "redundancy" ], "sources": [ { "title": "IEEE 802.1AX Link Aggregation", "url": "https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/802.1AX/7479/", "publisher": "IEEE", "accessed": "2026-08-29", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-29" }, { "id": "load-in", "en": "Load-in", "zh_hant": "裝台", "zh_hans": "装台", "domain": "production-management", "definition_en": "The period when the production arrives at the venue and goes up: trucks unloaded, rig hung, set built, systems powered and tested. The load-in schedule is the document every department negotiates over, because there is only one stage and everyone needs it first.", "definition_zh_hant": "製作進場、把演出裝起來的時段：卸貨、掛燈、搭景、開電測試。裝台進度表是各部門最常爭的文件，因為舞台只有一個，每個部門都想先用。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "US", "term": "Load-in" }, { "region": "UK", "term": "Get-in" }, { "region": "HK", "term": "入台", "note": "香港的入台進度表對應英文的 move-in schedule。" }, { "region": "TW", "term": "裝台" }, { "region": "AU / NZ", "term": "Bump-in" } ], "false_friends": [ "Australian and New Zealand crews say bump-in. It sounds like the lighting term bump and has nothing to do with it.", "香港的「入台」涵蓋整段進場期間，臺灣的「裝台」比較偏實際搭建的動作，兩者不完全等同。", "Load-in is not fit-up. Fit-up is assembling the set once it is in the room; the load-in is the whole arrival including dock time and unloading." ], "see_also": [ "get-in", "load-out", "bump" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "scheduling", "production", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "舞台表演的操作管理（麥秋）", "url": "https://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/tc/public-admin/related-bodies-schemes/edu-schemes-fund/drama/ch22.pdf", "publisher": "香港教育局", "accessed": "2026-08-16", "primary": true }, { "title": "臺中國家歌劇院 技術資料", "url": "https://www.npac-ntt.org/venuehire/technical", "publisher": "臺中國家歌劇院", "accessed": "2026-08-16" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "load-out", "en": "Load-out", "zh_hant": "拆台", "zh_hans": "拆台", "domain": "production-management", "definition_en": "Taking the production out of the venue: strike the set, de-rig, pack, load the trucks. It usually happens at night, at speed, against a curfew, with people who have already worked a show, which is why it takes a large share of the industry's injuries.", "definition_zh_hant": "把演出撤出場地：拆景、落燈、打包、上車。通常在深夜趕時間進行，而且大家已經做完一場演出，所以工傷比例特別高。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "US", "term": "Load-out" }, { "region": "UK", "term": "Get-out" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "拆台" }, { "region": "AU / NZ", "term": "Bump-out" } ], "false_friends": [ "「拆台」在日常華語裡是當眾拆別人的台、扯後腿的意思。在通告表上它就是撤場。", "Load-out is not strike. Strike is dismantling the physical production; load-out is the whole departure, including packing, dock and trucks.", "A venue's stated load-out finish time is usually a licence condition, not a target. Overrunning it is a legal problem, not a scheduling one." ], "see_also": [ "strike", "load-in", "get-in" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "scheduling", "production", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Glossary of theater terms", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_theater_terms", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-16", "primary": true }, { "title": "臺中國家歌劇院 技術資料", "url": "https://www.npac-ntt.org/venuehire/technical", "publisher": "臺中國家歌劇院", "accessed": "2026-08-16" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "lockout-tagout", "en": "Lockout/tagout (LOTO)", "zh_hant": "上鎖掛牌", "domain": "safety", "definition_en": "Physically locking an energy-isolating device — a breaker, a disconnect, a valve — in the off position and tagging it before anyone works on the equipment downstream, so a second person cannot re-energise it while a tech's hands are inside. The tag is a warning; the lock is the actual control. US practice under OSHA treats it as one program covering every energy type, verified by trying to start the equipment afterward, not just reading a meter.", "false_friends": [ "US LOTO (OSHA 1910.147) verifies by \"try-out\" — attempting to start the equipment. UK \"safe isolation\" is narrower, electrical-only, verified by proving dead with a voltage indicator.", "The two overlap but are not one procedure. A site running to one standard is not automatically compliant with the other, whatever a touring rider assumes." ], "regional_variants": [ { "region": "HK", "term": "上鎖掛牌", "note": "HKSAR EMSD guidance on breaker/switch isolation for electrical work uses 開關掣上鎖掛牌 for this exact procedure." } ], "see_also": [ "kill", "dead" ], "safety_critical": true, "confidence": "verified", "tags": [ "safety", "electrical", "loto", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "1910.147 - The control of hazardous energy (lockout/tagout)", "url": "https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.147", "publisher": "OSHA", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true }, { "title": "Safe Isolation vs Lockout Tagout: Key Differences Explained", "url": "https://www.hseblog.com/safe-isolation-vs-lockout-tagout/", "publisher": "HSEBlog", "accessed": "2026-08-22" }, { "title": "電力安全評估表格的填寫和斷路器上鎖掛牌的處理", "url": "https://www.emsd.gov.hk/filemanager/sc/content_1278/sem20171107-Topic2.pdf", "publisher": "Electrical and Mechanical Services Department, HKSAR Government", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "low-fog", "en": "Low fog", "zh_hant": "低空煙／貼地煙", "domain": "general", "definition_en": "Fog cooled below the temperature of the room so that it sinks and lies on the deck. Produced by chilling ordinary fog, by dropping solid carbon dioxide into hot water, or with liquid nitrogen. The layer is temporary by definition: as it warms to room temperature it becomes neutrally buoyant again and rises as ordinary fog.", "definition_zh_hant": "冷卻到低於室溫、因而下沉並停留在地面的霧。可用製冷機冷卻一般霧、將乾冰投入熱水，或使用液態氮產生。這層霧本質上是暫時的：回到室溫後恢復中性浮力，便會像一般霧一樣升起。", "false_friends": [ "Low fog does not disperse where it lies. It warms, rises, and arrives in the lighting beams a minute later looking like a hazer fault.", "Dry ice and cryo release carbon dioxide, which displaces air and pools in the low, still places the effect fills — pits, traps, under-stage. A person lying down is in the worst of it." ], "see_also": [ "fog", "haze", "dry-ice" ], "safety_critical": true, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "atmospherics", "effects", "safety", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "ANSI E1.23 — Design, Execution, and Maintenance of Atmospheric Effects", "url": "https://tsp.esta.org/tsp/documents/docs/ESTA_ANSI_E1-23-2010-R2015.pdf", "publisher": "ESTA Technical Standards Program", "accessed": "2026-10-09", "primary": true }, { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-10-09" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-10-09" }, { "id": "metamerism", "en": "Metamerism", "zh_hant": "同色異譜", "domain": "lighting", "definition_en": "Two different spectra that look identical to a human observer. The eye has three cone types, so it collapses a whole spectrum into three numbers, and many different spectra collapse to the same three. A camera's three sensitivity curves are not the eye's, so a pair that matches by eye can visibly clash on a broadcast feed.", "definition_zh_hant": "兩種不同的光譜在人眼看來完全相同。人眼只有三種錐狀細胞，會把整段光譜壓縮成三個數值，而許多不同光譜會壓縮成同一組數值。攝影機的三條感光曲線與人眼不同，因此肉眼看來相配的兩者，在轉播訊號上可能明顯不搭。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Metamerism / metameric match" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "同色異譜 / 條件等色" } ], "false_friends": [ "A metameric match holds under one spectrum only. Two fabrics that match in the workroom can separate under a narrowband LED wash, so samples must be approved under the rig." ], "see_also": [ "additive-mixing", "colour-temperature" ], "tags": [ "lighting", "colour", "video" ], "sources": [ { "title": "CIE colorimetry and colour mixing fundamentals", "url": "https://cie.co.at/e-ilv", "publisher": "International Commission on Illumination", "accessed": "2026-08-29", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-29" }, { "id": "monitor-wedge", "en": "Monitor wedge", "zh_hant": "地面監聽（wedge）", "domain": "audio", "definition_en": "The angled floor loudspeaker pointed at a performer so they hear themselves. Each mix a monitor engineer runs is a different answer to \"what do YOU need to hear\"; wedges trade against in-ear monitors, which take the stage volume war away but isolate the performer.", "definition_zh_hant": "斜放喺台面向表演者嘅監聽喇叭。每個 mix 係一位表演者「想聽到咩」嘅答案；同 IEM 互為取捨。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "HK", "term": "monitor / 監聽", "note": "口語直接叫 wedge。" } ], "see_also": [ "soundcheck" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "audio", "monitors", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true }, { "title": "Stage monitor system", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_monitor_system", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-22" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "moving-head", "en": "Moving head", "zh_hant": "搖頭燈", "domain": "lighting", "definition_en": "A fixture whose whole optical head pans and tilts on motorised yokes, as opposed to a fixed fixture or a mirror-scanner. The category everything else in a modern rig is described against: wash, spot, beam, hybrid, profile.", "definition_zh_hant": "整個燈頭透過馬達在支架上做水平與垂直轉動的燈具，相對於固定燈具或反射鏡掃描燈。現代燈光系統的其他分類都以此為基準描述：染色、成像、光束、混合型。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Moving head / mover" }, { "region": "HK", "term": "搖頭燈 / Mover" }, { "region": "TW", "term": "搖頭燈" } ], "false_friends": [ "Wash, spot and beam are marketing categories, not defined terms. A \"beam\" from one brand and another can have very different field angles and zoom ranges." ], "see_also": [ "focus", "patch" ], "tags": [ "lighting", "fixture" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "multicast", "en": "Multicast", "zh_hant": "多播", "domain": "networking", "definition_en": "Sending one copy of a stream to a group address that many receivers can subscribe to, instead of one copy per receiver. How sACN, Dante, AES67 and ST 2110 scale past a handful of devices.", "definition_zh_hant": "把一份串流送到群組位址，由多個接收端訂閱，而不是為每個接收端各送一份。sACN、Dante、AES67 與 ST 2110 能擴展到大量設備，靠的就是這個機制。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Multicast" }, { "region": "HK", "term": "多播 / Multicast" }, { "region": "TW", "term": "群播" } ], "false_friends": [ "Without IGMP snooping a switch treats multicast as broadcast and floods every port. That is why a small DMX-over-IP network works fine and a big one falls over on the same gear." ], "see_also": [ "vlan", "qos" ], "related_protocols": [ "sacn", "dante", "aes67", "smpte-st-2110" ], "tags": [ "networking", "multicast", "igmp" ], "sources": [ { "title": "ANSI E1.31 (sACN) multicast addressing", "url": "https://tsp.esta.org/tsp/documents/published_docs.php", "publisher": "ESTA TSP", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "network-tap", "en": "Network TAP", "zh_hant": "網路分接器", "domain": "networking", "definition_en": "A passive device spliced into a link that copies everything passing through it to a monitoring port. Passive is the point. It has no configuration, cannot drop traffic, and keeps working if it loses power, so it never becomes the thing that broke the show.", "definition_zh_hant": "串接在線路中的被動裝置，把通過的所有流量複製到監看埠。被動正是重點：它沒有設定、不會丟棄流量，斷電後仍能導通，因此絕不會變成把演出弄壞的那個環節。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "TAP / network tap" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "網路分接器 / 分光器" } ], "false_friends": [ "A port mirror or SPAN does the same job in software and costs nothing, but a busy switch drops mirrored frames before real ones. For proving a timing problem, use a TAP." ], "see_also": [ "vlan", "qos", "link-aggregation" ], "tags": [ "networking", "diagnostics" ], "sources": [ { "title": "IETF RFC 7011 — traffic capture and monitoring concepts", "url": "https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7011", "publisher": "IETF", "accessed": "2026-08-29", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-29" }, { "id": "onion-routing", "en": "Onion routing", "zh_hant": "洋蔥路由", "domain": "networking", "definition_en": "Sending traffic through several relays in layers of encryption, so no single relay knows both ends. The first knows who you are but not where you are going; the last knows where you are going but not who you are. Tor is the well-known implementation. It protects metadata rather than content, and the cost is very high and variable latency.", "definition_zh_hant": "讓流量經過多個中繼節點，並以多層加密包覆，使任何單一節點都無法同時得知兩端。第一個節點知道你是誰但不知道你去哪裡，最後一個知道去向卻不知道來源。Tor 是最著名的實作。它保護的是中繼資料而非內容，代價是延遲極高且變動很大。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Onion routing / Tor" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "洋蔥路由" } ], "false_friends": [ "A VPN moves trust to its operator, who can see both ends. Onion routing splits trust so nobody holds both. Neither hides what you do once you have logged in to something." ], "see_also": [ "vlan", "qos" ], "tags": [ "networking", "privacy", "security" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Tor Project — how Tor works", "url": "https://community.torproject.org/onion-services/overview/", "publisher": "The Tor Project", "accessed": "2026-08-29", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-29" }, { "id": "paper-tech", "en": "Paper tech", "zh_hant": "紙上技術會議", "domain": "stage-management", "definition_en": "A meeting before technical rehearsals where stage management and department heads walk the whole cue list on paper: numbers, placement, who takes what on which line, with no stage time burned.", "definition_zh_hant": "進劇場前把整份 cue 表在紙上走一次的會議：cue 號、位置、邊個部門食邊句對白，唔使用舞台時間。", "see_also": [ "cue-to-cue", "plot" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "stage-management", "rehearsal", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "patch", "en": "Patch", "zh_hant": "配接（patch）", "zh_hans": "配接", "domain": "lighting", "definition_en": "The mapping between a control channel and the thing it drives. On a lighting desk it is which DMX address a fixture answers to and which profile the desk applies to it. In audio and video it is which physical input arrives on which channel.", "definition_zh_hant": "控制通道和被控制對象之間的對應關係。在燈光控台上，是燈具用哪個 DMX 位址、控台套哪個燈庫檔。在音響和影像則是哪個實體輸入進到哪個通道。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "Patch", "note": "口語直接用英文，書面寫「配接」或「位址設定」。" } ], "false_friends": [ "A soft patch lives in the desk's show file. A hard patch is physical cabling or a dimmer rack assignment. Changing one does not change the other.", "「跳線」在中文通常指實體接線。燈光控台上的 patch 是軟體對應，兩者不要混用。", "In audio a patchbay is a physical panel. Telling a sound engineer to \"repatch it\" may send someone to a rack rather than to a laptop." ], "see_also": [ "plot", "gobo" ], "related_protocols": [ "dmx512" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "lighting", "control", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Stage lighting", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_lighting", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-16", "primary": true }, { "title": "Glossary of theater terms", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_theater_terms", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-16" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "phantom-power", "en": "Phantom power", "zh_hant": "幻象電源", "domain": "audio", "definition_en": "48 volts DC sent up the same balanced pair that carries the microphone signal, to power a condenser capsule or an active DI. Equal on both legs, so a balanced input rejects it and a dynamic microphone ignores it.", "definition_zh_hant": "沿著傳送麥克風訊號的同一組平衡線，送上 48V 直流電，用來供電給電容式麥克風或主動式 DI。兩腳電位相同，因此平衡輸入會將其抵消，動圈麥克風也不受影響。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Phantom power / 48V" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "幻象電源 / 48V" } ], "false_friends": [ "Phantom is not the same as T-power (A-B powering) and it is not the same as bias for an electret lavalier. Patching a ribbon mic into a live 48V leg can destroy it." ], "see_also": [ "di-box", "line-check" ], "tags": [ "audio", "microphone", "power" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "phase-rotation", "en": "Phase rotation", "zh_hant": "相序", "domain": "safety", "definition_en": "The order in which the three phases of a supply reach their peaks. Swapping any two conductors reverses it. Single-phase loads, dimmers and heaters are unaffected and give no indication, but a three-phase motor turns in whatever direction the field rotates, so a chain hoist on a reversed supply runs the opposite way to its controls. Checked with a rotation meter at every unfamiliar supply and after every adaptor, before anything is connected.", "definition_zh_hant": "三相電源各相到達峰值的先後次序。任意對調兩條相線即會反轉。單相負載、調光器與電熱負載完全 不受影響，也不會有任何徵兆；但三相馬達的旋轉方向取決於磁場旋轉方向，因此電動吊車接到相序 相反的電源時，動作方向會與控制器相反。每逢接觸陌生電源或經過轉接頭後，都必須先用相序表檢 查再接入設備。", "false_friends": [ "A rotation meter says nothing about voltage or earth quality. A correct rotation is not evidence of a sound supply, only of a correctly ordered one." ], "see_also": [ "chain-hoist" ], "safety_critical": true, "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK", "term": "Phase rotation" }, { "region": "US", "term": "Phase sequence / phase rotation" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "相序", "note": "Spoken as 相序; crews often just say \"check the rotation\" in English." } ], "tags": [ "power", "electrical", "rigging", "safety" ], "sources": [ { "title": "IEC 60364 and IEC 60038 low-voltage installation and supply standards", "url": "https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/1880", "publisher": "International Electrotechnical Commission", "accessed": "2026-08-29", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-29" }, { "id": "pixel-pitch", "en": "Pixel pitch", "zh_hant": "點間距", "domain": "video", "definition_en": "The centre-to-centre distance between LED pixels on a video wall panel, in millimetres — P2.6, P3.9, P4.8 and so on. A smaller pitch packs more pixels into the same panel area and holds up at closer viewing distance, at a real cost in price, weight and power draw. The right pitch is set by minimum viewing distance, not by \"smaller is always better.\"", "definition_zh_hant": "LED 顯示屏相鄰像素中心到中心的距離，單位為毫米。數字越小、解析度越高，最短可視距離也越近。", "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "video", "led", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "About pixel pitch and viewing distance for LED walls", "url": "https://www.barco.com/en/inspiration/news-insights/2020-03-11-ledtalks-what-is-pixelpitch", "publisher": "Barco", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true }, { "title": "Understanding LED video wall pixel pitch", "url": "https://www.christiedigital.com/spotlight/understanding-pixel-pitch-led-video-wall/", "publisher": "Christie Digital", "accessed": "2026-08-22" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "plot", "en": "Plot", "zh_hant": "燈圖（圖面）／Cue 表（提示表）", "zh_hans": "灯图／Cue 表", "domain": "lighting", "definition_en": "In British usage a plot is the list of cues belonging to a department, and plotting is the session at the desk where those cues get built. In American usage the light plot is the drawing showing where every fixture hangs. One word, two documents, produced weeks apart by different people.", "definition_zh_hant": "英式用法裡 plot 是某個部門的 cue 表，plotting 是在控台前編 cue 的工作時段。美式用法裡 light plot 是標示每盞燈掛在哪裡的圖面。同一個字，兩份完全不同的文件。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK", "term": "Plot / plotting session", "note": "The cue list, and the session where cues are recorded." }, { "region": "US", "term": "Light plot", "note": "The hanging drawing, produced in pre-production." } ], "false_friends": [ "Asking for \"the plot\" gets you whichever document the person grew up with. Say cue list or hanging plan and the ambiguity disappears.", "中文「燈圖」通常指圖面，也就是美式 light plot。要 cue 表就直接說 cue 表或提示表。", "A sound plot in the UK is the cue list. In some US houses a sound plot is the loudspeaker plan. Same trap, different department." ], "see_also": [ "cue", "tech-rehearsal", "patch" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "lighting", "paperwork", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Stage lighting", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_lighting", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-16", "primary": true }, { "title": "Glossary of theater terms", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_theater_terms", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-16" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "poe", "en": "PoE (Power over Ethernet)", "zh_hant": "乙太網路供電", "domain": "networking", "definition_en": "Powering a device over the same Cat cable that carries its data. Graded by type: Type 1 up to 15.4 W at the switch, Type 2 up to 30 W, Type 3 up to 60 W and Type 4 up to 90 W.", "definition_zh_hant": "透過傳輸資料的同一條網路線為設備供電。依類型分級：Type 1 交換器端最高 15.4 W、Type 2 最高 30 W、Type 3 最高 60 W、Type 4 最高 90 W。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "PoE / PoE+ / PoE++" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "PoE / 網路供電" } ], "false_friends": [ "\"PoE++\", \"UPoE\" and \"Hi-PoE\" are vendor names, not ratings. The standard words are Type 1 to Type 4, and a Type 4 device on a Type 2 port simply will not boot." ], "see_also": [ "vlan" ], "tags": [ "networking", "power", "poe" ], "sources": [ { "title": "IEEE 802.3bt four-pair PoE", "url": "https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/802.3bt/6749/", "publisher": "IEEE", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "related_protocols": [ "poe" ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "ppe", "en": "PPE (personal protective equipment)", "zh_hant": "個人防護裝備", "domain": "safety", "definition_en": "The equipment worn to reduce harm when the hazard cannot be designed out: helmet, harness, gloves, eye protection, hearing protection, high-visibility clothing, safety footwear. Last in the hierarchy of control, not first.", "definition_zh_hant": "在無法從源頭消除危害時，用來降低傷害的個人穿戴裝備：安全帽、安全帶、手套、護目裝備、聽力防護、反光衣、安全鞋。在控制層級中排在最後，而非最先。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "PPE" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "個人防護裝備 / PPE" } ], "false_friends": [ "Handing out PPE does not discharge the duty to remove the hazard. A rig that needs everyone in a helmet all day is a rig with an unsolved overhead-work problem." ], "see_also": [ "competent-person", "exclusion-zone" ], "safety_critical": true, "tags": [ "safety", "ppe" ], "confidence": "reported", "sources": [ { "title": "ISO 12100 risk assessment and risk reduction", "url": "https://www.iso.org/standard/51528.html", "publisher": "ISO", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "practical", "en": "Practical", "zh_hant": "實用道具（praccy）", "domain": "scenic", "definition_en": "A prop or scenic element that really works on stage: a lamp that lights, a hob that heats, a tap that runs. Practicals sit at the junction of departments, which is why who owns the table lamp is a production meeting question.", "definition_zh_hant": "台上真識著、真識用嘅道具或佈景：識著嘅檯燈、出水嘅水龍頭。跨部門邊界物，邊個部門負責係製作會議先傾得掂嘅事。", "see_also": [ "plot" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "scenic", "props", "lighting", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "projection-mapping", "en": "Projection mapping", "zh_hant": "光雕投影", "domain": "video", "definition_en": "Warping projected content to fit a non-flat, non-rectangular surface: a building facade, a set piece, a car. The content is authored against a model of the object, and the projector is aligned to that model on site.", "definition_zh_hant": "把投影內容變形以貼合非平面、非矩形的表面：建築外牆、景片、車輛等。內容依物件模型製作，現場再把投影機對位到該模型。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Projection mapping / video mapping" }, { "region": "HK", "term": "投影映射 / Mapping" }, { "region": "TW", "term": "光雕投影" } ], "false_friends": [ "Mapping is not keystone correction. Keystone squares a trapezoid; mapping deforms content onto arbitrary geometry, and needs the object measured or scanned first." ], "see_also": [ "edge-blend" ], "tags": [ "video", "projection", "content" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Projection mapping overview", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projection_mapping", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-26" } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "prompt-corner", "en": "Prompt corner", "zh_hant": "提場角", "domain": "stage-management", "definition_en": "The stage-management position at the side of the stage from which the show is called: cue lights, comms, the book. Traditionally stage left in the UK (prompt side, PS) with the opposite side called OP (opposite prompt).", "definition_zh_hant": "舞台側面叫show嘅位置：cue燈、通話、劇本。英制傳統喺演員左側（Prompt Side, PS），對面叫 OP。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK", "term": "Prompt side / PS and OP" }, { "region": "US", "term": "Calling position (often booth instead)" } ], "see_also": [ "deputy-stage-manager", "call" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "stage-management", "venue", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "pyro", "en": "Pyro", "zh_hant": "煙火效果", "domain": "safety", "definition_en": "Short for pyrotechnics: effects produced by burning a prepared composition before an audience. A separate discipline with a separate legal basis, where the competence to design and fire is licensed rather than learned informally. In the United States, NFPA 1126 governs pyrotechnics before a proximate audience and NFPA 160 governs flame effects; elsewhere the local authority having jurisdiction has the final say.", "definition_zh_hant": "Pyrotechnics 的簡稱：在觀眾面前燃燒特製藥劑所產生的效果。這是一門法律基礎獨立的專業，設計與擊發的資格需要執照，而非自行習得。在美國，近距離觀眾的煙火適用 NFPA 1126，火焰效果適用 NFPA 160；其他地區以當地主管機關的規定為準。", "false_friends": [ "Pyro is not an atmospheric effect, even when the visible result is a cloud. Coloured smoke burns a composition and falls under pyrotechnic rules.", "A device sold as \"proximate\" is not thereby safe in your room. The rating describes the device; separation distance, what is above it and the authority having jurisdiction decide its use." ], "see_also": [ "smoke", "flame-effect" ], "safety_critical": true, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "pyro", "effects", "safety", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "NFPA 1126, Standard for the Use of Pyrotechnics Before a Proximate Audience", "url": "https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1126-standard-development/1126", "publisher": "National Fire Protection Association", "accessed": "2026-10-09", "primary": true }, { "title": "NFPA 160, Standard for the Use of Flame Effects Before an Audience", "url": "https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-160-standard-development/160", "publisher": "National Fire Protection Association", "accessed": "2026-10-09", "primary": true } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-10-09" }, { "id": "qos", "en": "QoS (quality of service)", "zh_hant": "服務品質", "domain": "networking", "definition_en": "Marking packets so a switch knows which ones to send first when a link is congested. On a media network the clock is marked highest, the media next, and everything else takes what is left.", "definition_zh_hant": "為封包標記優先權，讓交換器在鏈路壅塞時知道該先送哪些。在媒體網路上，時脈封包優先權最高，媒體次之，其餘流量分配剩餘頻寬。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "QoS" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "QoS / 服務品質" } ], "false_friends": [ "DSCP is layer 3, PCP is layer 2 inside the VLAN tag. An untagged access port has no PCP, so half the QoS a vendor guide describes silently does not exist on that port." ], "see_also": [ "vlan", "multicast" ], "related_protocols": [ "dante", "aes67", "smpte-st-2110", "ptp-1588" ], "tags": [ "networking", "qos", "dscp" ], "sources": [ { "title": "IEEE 802.1Q priority code point", "url": "https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/802.1Q/10323/", "publisher": "IEEE", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "quarter-frame", "en": "Quarter frame message", "zh_hant": "四分之一幀訊息", "domain": "video", "definition_en": "The MIDI Timecode message that carries four bits of a timecode value. Eight of them make one complete value, sent four per frame, so a value takes two frames to arrive. That is why a running MTC receiver is always two frames behind the transmitter and needs an offset applied. Locating while stopped uses the full-frame message instead.", "definition_zh_hant": "MIDI 時碼中攜帶四個位元時碼資料的訊息。八個組成一個完整的時碼值，每幀送四個，因此一個值需要兩幀才傳完。這就是為什麼運行中的 MTC 接收端永遠落後傳送端兩幀，必須補上偏移量。停止狀態下的定位改用 full frame 訊息。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Quarter frame / QF" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "四分之一幀訊息" } ], "false_friends": [ "The frame rate rides in piece 7, the last one, so a receiver does not know what rate it is being sent until a whole sequence has arrived." ], "see_also": [ "drop-frame", "running-status", "frame-rate" ], "tags": [ "control", "midi", "timecode", "sync" ], "sources": [ { "title": "MIDI 1.0 Detailed Specification", "url": "https://midi.org/midi-1-0-core-specifications", "publisher": "MIDI Association", "accessed": "2026-08-29", "primary": true } ], "related_protocols": [ "mtc" ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-29" }, { "id": "quick-change", "en": "Quick change", "zh_hant": "快速換裝", "domain": "wardrobe", "definition_en": "A costume change too fast for the dressing room, done in a prepared booth or wing position with a dresser: garments pre-set in order, fastenings converted to magnets or velcro, choreographed to the second.", "definition_zh_hant": "快到返唔切化妝間嘅換裝，喺側台預設嘅快換區由 dresser 協助完成：衫按次序擺好、鈕扣改磁石或魔術貼，逐秒編排。", "see_also": [ "wings" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "wardrobe", "backstage", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "rake", "en": "Rake", "zh_hant": "斜台", "zh_hans": "斜台", "domain": "scenic", "definition_en": "A stage floor built on a slope, higher upstage than downstage. It changes sightlines, and it also changes how anything on wheels or with a high centre of gravity behaves, so trucks, rostra and furniture destined for a rake have to be built and braked for it.", "definition_zh_hant": "上舞台高、下舞台低的斜面舞台。除了改變視線，也改變所有有輪子、重心高的東西的行為，所以要放上斜台的推車、平台和家具，都必須為斜度另外設計並加上煞車。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK", "term": "Rake", "note": "Usually quoted as a ratio such as one in twenty-four." }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "斜台" } ], "false_friends": [ "「斜度」也用來講觀眾席的坡度。觀眾席斜度和舞台斜度是兩件事，一個場地可以只有其中一個。", "A raked seating figure in a venue spec is not a stage rake figure. Reading one as the other has put scenery on the wrong geometry more than once.", "Castors that are safe on a flat deck can run away on a rake. A rake changes the risk assessment for every wheeled item, not just the sightlines." ], "see_also": [ "house", "wings" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "scenic", "venue", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Parts of a theatre", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parts_of_a_theatre", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-16", "primary": true }, { "title": "Stage (theatre)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_(theatre)", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-16" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "rdm-proxy", "en": "RDM proxy", "zh_hant": "RDM 代理裝置", "domain": "lighting", "definition_en": "An RDM device that responds on behalf of others, holding a list of the UIDs behind it so a controller can be handed that list rather than discovering through it. Typically a gateway onto a segment that does not speak RDM, or a system with its own internal bus. Devices behind a proxy appear in the patch as ordinary devices.", "definition_zh_hant": "代其他裝置回應的 RDM 裝置，內部保存其後方裝置的 UID 清單，控制器可直接取得該清 單，而毋須穿透它進行搜尋。通常是通往不支援 RDM 網段的閘道器，或本身具備內部匯流排的 系統。代理後方的裝置在配接表中會如同一般裝置般出現。", "false_friends": [ "A UID on your line need not be a device on your line. Behind a proxy it may sit on another bus entirely, which is confusing when you go looking for it." ], "related_protocols": [ "rdm" ], "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Proxy device" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "代理裝置 / proxy" } ], "tags": [ "dmx", "rdm", "networking" ], "sources": [ { "title": "ANSI E1.20 Remote Device Management over DMX512 networks", "url": "https://tsp.esta.org/tsp/documents/published_docs.php", "publisher": "ESTA Technical Standards Program", "accessed": "2026-08-29", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-29" }, { "id": "rdm-sub-device", "en": "RDM sub-device", "zh_hant": "RDM 子裝置", "domain": "lighting", "definition_en": "A logical device inside one physical RDM device, addressed by number so that a multi-channel product can expose each channel separately under a single UID. Root device zero is the box itself and carries what belongs to the box; sub-devices carry what belongs to each channel or cell. A twelve-way dimmer rack is typically one UID and twelve sub-devices.", "definition_zh_hant": "RDM 實體裝置內部的邏輯裝置，以編號定址，使多通道產品能在單一 UID 之下分別呈現各 通道。根裝置（編號 0）代表機箱本身，承載屬於機箱的參數；子裝置則承載屬於各通道或各燈珠 的參數。十二路調光櫃通常就是一個 UID 加十二個子裝置。", "false_friends": [ "Addressing the root of a multi-cell fixture addresses the fixture, not its first cell. Some products use separate UIDs per channel instead, and patch differently." ], "related_protocols": [ "rdm" ], "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Sub-device" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "子裝置 / sub-device" } ], "tags": [ "dmx", "rdm", "lighting" ], "sources": [ { "title": "ANSI E1.20 Remote Device Management over DMX512 networks", "url": "https://tsp.esta.org/tsp/documents/published_docs.php", "publisher": "ESTA Technical Standards Program", "accessed": "2026-08-29", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-29" }, { "id": "rigging-point", "en": "Point / rigging point", "zh_hant": "吊點", "domain": "rigging", "definition_en": "A single place in the roof structure from which a load is hung, and the whole assembly that gets it there: the steel, the shackle, the hoist and the beam or beam clamp it lands on. A tour asks a venue for a point count and a weight per point; the venue answers with what its structure can actually take, which is rarely the same number.", "definition_zh_hant": "屋頂結構上用來吊掛負載的單一位置，以及到達該位置的整組配件：鋼索、卸扣、電動葫蘆與所承接的鋼樑或樑夾。巡演會向場館提出吊點數量與每點載重，場館回覆結構實際能承受的數字，兩者往往不同。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK", "term": "Point / rigging point" }, { "region": "US", "term": "Point / hang point" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "吊點" } ], "false_friends": [ "\"Point\" can also mean a spot line or point hoist - a moveable single line, not a fixed structural attachment. Ask which a venue means before planning a load." ], "see_also": [ "chain-hoist", "safe-working-load" ], "safety_critical": true, "tags": [ "rigging", "load", "venue" ], "confidence": "reported", "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "ring-out", "en": "Ring out / ringing out", "zh_hant": "掃頻抑制回授", "domain": "audio", "definition_en": "Deliberately pushing each speaker zone toward feedback before doors, then pulling the specific frequencies that ring first on a parametric or graphic EQ. Normally done on monitor wedges first, then FOH, well before soundcheck proper — not a live-mixing move, and not the same thing as EQing for tone.", "definition_zh_hant": "開場前刻意把每一個音區推到接近回授，再把鳴叫的頻率壓下去，藉此換取更高的回授前增益。", "see_also": [ "monitor-wedge", "gain-before-feedback" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "audio", "feedback", "system-design", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Ring Out", "url": "https://www.sweetwater.com/insync/ring-out/", "publisher": "Sweetwater InSync", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true }, { "title": "Ringing out", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringing_out", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-22" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "risk-assessment", "en": "Risk assessment", "zh_hant": "風險評估", "domain": "production-management", "definition_en": "The written identification of what could hurt someone on this production, how likely and how badly, and what is being done about it. In much of the world it is a legal requirement rather than paperwork, and it is the document a venue, an insurer or an inspector asks for first.", "definition_zh_hant": "以書面指認本製作中可能造成傷害的事項、其可能性與嚴重度，以及所採取的控制措施。在許多國家這是法定義務而非例行文書，也是場館、保險公司或稽查人員最先索取的文件。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK", "term": "Risk assessment / RAMS" }, { "region": "US", "term": "Job hazard analysis / JHA" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "風險評估" } ], "false_friends": [ "RAMS is risk assessment AND method statement. A venue asking for RAMS wants both: what could go wrong, and the step-by-step of how you intend to do the work." ], "see_also": [ "competent-person", "exclusion-zone" ], "safety_critical": false, "tags": [ "safety", "production", "paperwork" ], "confidence": "reported", "sources": [ { "title": "ISO 12100 risk assessment and risk reduction", "url": "https://www.iso.org/standard/51528.html", "publisher": "ISO", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "round-sling", "en": "Round sling / span set", "zh_hant": "圓形吊帶", "domain": "rigging", "definition_en": "A continuous loop of load-bearing yarn inside a protective sleeve, used to wrap a beam or a truss and take a hoist. Colour codes the capacity in most European ranges, though the colour convention is not universal, so read the label rather than the colour.", "definition_zh_hant": "保護套內為連續承力紗束的環形吊帶，用來繞過鋼樑或桁架承接葫蘆。歐系產品多以顏色標示載重，但顏色慣例並非全球一致，應以標籤為準而非顏色。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK", "term": "Span set / round sling" }, { "region": "US", "term": "Round sling" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "圓形吊帶 / 吊帶" } ], "false_friends": [ "Capacity depends on the hitch. The same sling has one rating in a straight pull, a different one in a choke, and a different one again in a basket. A single number on the label is not the whole story." ], "see_also": [ "shackle", "safe-working-load" ], "safety_critical": true, "tags": [ "rigging", "sling", "load" ], "confidence": "reported", "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "running-order", "en": "Running order", "zh_hant": "流程表", "domain": "production-management", "definition_en": "The list of what happens in what sequence on the day: acts, speeches, video packages, changeovers, with times. The document every department times its work against, and the one that changes most often.", "definition_zh_hant": "當天各項內容的先後順序清單：節目、致詞、影片、換場，並附時間。所有部門據以安排工作的文件，也是改動最頻繁的一份。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK", "term": "Running order" }, { "region": "US", "term": "Rundown / run of show" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "流程表 / Rundown" } ], "false_friends": [ "A running order is not a cue sheet. It says what happens; the cue sheet says who does what to make it happen, and one can change without the other." ], "see_also": [ "cue", "plot" ], "tags": [ "production", "schedule", "paperwork" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "running-status", "en": "Running status", "zh_hant": "延續狀態", "domain": "audio", "definition_en": "A MIDI compression rule. If a status byte would be the same as the previous one, it can be omitted and only the data bytes sent. It is why a dump of a busy MIDI stream has long runs with no status byte visible, and why Note On at velocity 0 exists as a way of saying Note Off — it lets a whole passage of notes share one status byte.", "definition_zh_hant": "MIDI 的一種壓縮規則：若狀態位元組與前一個相同，可以省略，只傳資料位元組。這就是為什麼繁忙的 MIDI 資料流長段看不到狀態位元組，也是為什麼「力度為 0 的 Note On」被用來表示 Note Off —— 這讓整段音符共用同一個狀態位元組。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Running status" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "延續狀態 / 執行狀態" } ], "false_friends": [ "Data bytes with no preceding status byte are not malformed. A receiver that cannot handle running status will appear to work on a quiet stream and fail on a busy one." ], "see_also": [ "quarter-frame", "daisy-chain" ], "tags": [ "control", "midi", "protocol" ], "sources": [ { "title": "MIDI 1.0 Detailed Specification", "url": "https://midi.org/midi-1-0-core-specifications", "publisher": "MIDI Association", "accessed": "2026-08-29", "primary": true } ], "related_protocols": [ "midi" ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-29" }, { "id": "safe-working-load", "en": "Safe working load (SWL) / working load limit (WLL)", "zh_hant": "安全操作負荷", "domain": "safety", "definition_en": "The maximum load a piece of rigging hardware is rated to carry in normal service — not its breaking strength, and not a number to back-calculate yourself from breaking strength by guessing at a safety factor. WLL is the term current US and ISO entertainment-rigging standards use; SWL is the older term, still current in UK and Commonwealth usage, for the same underlying idea. Read the tag or the certificate rather than assume which convention a rider is using.", "false_friends": [ "SWL and WLL usually mean the same number today, but SWL historically implied a fixed safety factor — one that varied by hardware type and could be wrongly assumed rather than checked.", "Neither is breaking strength — a lab figure from destructive testing. WLL/SWL already accounts for wear, cyclic and side loading, and is the number you're actually allowed to use." ], "see_also": [ "chain-hoist", "winch", "stage-weight" ], "safety_critical": true, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "safety", "rigging", "load", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Understanding Working Load Limit and Breaking Strength in Theatre Rigging", "url": "https://entertainingsafety.com/knowledge-base/understanding-working-load-limit-and-breaking-strength-in-theatre-rigging/", "publisher": "Entertaining Safety", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true }, { "title": "Working Load Limit (WLL) vs Safe Working Load (SWL): Definitions, Differences and Calculations", "url": "https://www.safetyliftingear.com/news/post/wll-vs-swl-difference", "publisher": "Safety Lifting Gear", "accessed": "2026-08-22" }, { "title": "起重機械及起重裝置的檢查、檢驗和測試指南", "url": "https://www.labour.gov.hk/tc/public/pdf/os/C/gearc.pdf", "publisher": "Labour Department, HKSAR Government", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "scaler", "en": "Scaler", "zh_hant": "影像縮放器", "domain": "video", "definition_en": "A device that converts an incoming video signal to a different resolution, frame rate or format so a display can take it. Every scale costs a frame or more of latency and some image quality, which is why a well-planned system scales once.", "definition_zh_hant": "把輸入影像轉換成另一種解析度、更新率或格式，使顯示設備能夠接收的設備。每一次縮放都要付出至少一個影格的延遲與部分畫質，因此規劃良好的系統只縮放一次。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Scaler" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "縮放器 / Scaler" } ], "false_friends": [ "A switcher with \"seamless\" outputs is scaling on every input. That is where the latency in a presentation system comes from, not from the cable length." ], "see_also": [ "led-processor" ], "tags": [ "video", "processing", "latency" ], "sources": [ { "title": "SMPTE ST 292-1 HD-SDI", "url": "https://pub.smpte.org/doc/st292-1/", "publisher": "SMPTE", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "scrim", "en": "Scrim / sharkstooth gauze", "zh_hant": "紗幕", "domain": "scenic", "definition_en": "An open-weave cloth that reads as solid when lit from the front and becomes transparent when the light behind it comes up. The classic reveal: light the gauze, then cross-fade to what is behind it.", "definition_zh_hant": "織紋開放的布幕，前方打光時看似實面，後方燈光亮起時即變為透明。最經典的用法就是「顯影」：先打亮紗幕，再交叉淡入其後的景。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK", "term": "Gauze / sharkstooth gauze" }, { "region": "US", "term": "Scrim / sharkstooth scrim" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "紗幕" } ], "false_friends": [ "In US usage \"scrim\" is also a wire mesh accessory that knocks a stop or two out of a lighting fixture. Same word, completely different object, and both turn up on the same rig." ], "see_also": [ "legs", "cyclorama" ], "tags": [ "scenic", "drape", "reveal" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "shackle", "en": "Shackle", "zh_hant": "卸扣", "domain": "rigging", "definition_en": "The U-shaped steel connector, closed with a pin, that joins a sling or steel to a hoist, a beam clamp or a truss. Rated by working load limit and stamped with it; the pin type matters, since a screw pin can back out under a rotating load where a bolt-type pin will not.", "definition_zh_hant": "U 形鋼製連接件，以插銷閉合，用來把吊帶或鋼索連到葫蘆、樑夾或桁架上。以工作負載限值分級並打印在本體上。插銷型式很重要：螺旋插銷在負載轉動時可能鬆脫，螺栓型則不會。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Shackle / bow shackle / D shackle" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "卸扣 / U 型扣" } ], "false_friends": [ "A hardware-store shackle that looks identical is not rated and is not traceable. Only a marked, rated shackle from a known batch belongs above people." ], "see_also": [ "safe-working-load", "rigging-point" ], "safety_critical": true, "tags": [ "rigging", "hardware", "load" ], "confidence": "reported", "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "shock-load", "en": "Shock load", "zh_hant": "衝擊負載", "domain": "rigging", "definition_en": "A sudden change in the velocity of a suspended load, which produces a force far greater than its static weight. A hoist snatching up slack, a scenic piece dropping onto its dead, a person falling into a lanyard: all of them briefly load the system many times harder than the mass alone would suggest.", "definition_zh_hant": "懸吊負載速度突然改變所產生的力，遠大於其靜態重量。葫蘆猛然吃緊、景片落到定位、人員墜落被安全繩拉住，這些瞬間對系統的負載都遠高於質量本身所暗示的數字。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Shock load" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "衝擊負載" } ], "false_friends": [ "Design factors on rigging hardware cover normal use, not shock. \"It is rated to five times the load\" is not permission to drop things onto it." ], "see_also": [ "safe-working-load", "bridle" ], "safety_critical": true, "tags": [ "rigging", "load", "safety" ], "confidence": "reported", "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "skew", "en": "Skew", "zh_hant": "時間偏差", "domain": "networking", "definition_en": "The gap in arrival time between signals that are supposed to land together. On a parallel bus, skew is why wide, fast parallel interfaces stopped scaling — every wire's propagation delay drifts slightly, and at high clock rates that drift corrupts the word being read. It is one of the main reasons almost everything fast today — USB, SATA, PCIe, Ethernet — went serial instead of parallel.", "definition_zh_hant": "本應同時到達的訊號之間的到達時間差。在多對纜線、多路影像或多台機器同步時都會出現。", "false_friends": [ "On analogue videotape decks, \"skew\" is a tension control fixing the top of the picture bending left or right — a mechanical tape problem, unrelated to digital timing." ], "safety_critical": false, "related_protocols": [ "rs-485" ], "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "networking", "signal-integrity", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Clock skew", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_skew", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true }, { "title": "Chapter 10: Connecting and Operating the VTR", "url": "https://cool.culturalheritage.org/videopreservation/vid_guide/10/10.html", "publisher": "Video Preservation Website (Conservation OnLine)", "accessed": "2026-08-22" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "slew-rate", "en": "Slew rate", "zh_hant": "擺率", "domain": "audio", "definition_en": "How fast an amplifier’s output can change, quoted in volts per microsecond. Below what a transient demands, a fast edge emerges as a ramp: a distortion that is a limit in time rather than in level, and that sounds like smearing rather than the hardness of clipping. Rarely the limiting factor in a modern amplifier and useful mainly as the one specification describing a temporal failure.", "definition_zh_hant": "擴大機輸出電壓的最快變化速率，以每微秒多少伏特表示。若低於暫態訊號的需求，急促的邊緣會被 輸出成斜坡：這是一種發生在時間軸而非位準上的失真，聽感是模糊塗抹，而非削波那種硬質感。在 現代擴大機上鮮少成為限制，其主要價值在於它是唯一描述時間性失效的規格。", "false_friends": [ "Slew limiting is not clipping. Clipping is a ceiling on level and flattens peaks; slew limiting is a ceiling on rate and rounds edges, and it can occur well below full output." ], "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Slew rate" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "擺率 / 迴轉率" } ], "tags": [ "audio", "amplifier", "specification" ], "sources": [ { "title": "AES standards for audio engineering", "url": "https://www.aes.org/standards/", "publisher": "Audio Engineering Society", "accessed": "2026-08-29", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-29" }, { "id": "smoke", "en": "Smoke", "zh_hant": "煙（燃燒生成）", "domain": "safety", "definition_en": "Solid and liquid particulate produced by combustion. In an entertainment context it is the output of a pyrotechnic device rather than of a fog machine, and the distinction matters legally as well as practically: smoke involves heat, residue and a different hazard class from a condensed glycol fog. Coloured smoke is a pyrotechnic composition subliming a dye, not a tinted fog.", "definition_zh_hant": "燃燒產生的固態與液態微粒。在演出場景中，它來自煙火類裝置而非煙霧機；這個區別同時具有法律與實務意義：smoke 涉及熱、殘留物，危害分類也與甘醇冷凝霧不同。彩色煙是煙火藥劑昇華染料的產物，並非染色的霧。", "false_friends": [ "\"Smoke machine\" is the common name for a fog machine, which makes no smoke at all. The machine condenses a fluid; nothing burns.", "Coloured smoke is pyrotechnic. It is regulated as pyro, not as an atmospheric effect, and it is in practice an outdoor effect." ], "see_also": [ "fog", "haze", "pyro" ], "safety_critical": true, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "atmospherics", "pyro", "safety", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "ANSI E1.23 — Design, Execution, and Maintenance of Atmospheric Effects", "url": "https://tsp.esta.org/tsp/documents/docs/ESTA_ANSI_E1-23-2010-R2015.pdf", "publisher": "ESTA Technical Standards Program", "accessed": "2026-10-09", "primary": true }, { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-10-09" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-10-09" }, { "id": "soft-goods", "en": "Soft goods", "zh_hant": "軟景／布幕類", "domain": "scenic", "definition_en": "Everything on the stage made of cloth: legs, borders, tabs, cyc, gauzes, black-out drapes. Bought or hired by fullness and flame-retardant rating rather than by dimensions alone.", "definition_zh_hant": "舞台上所有布類的統稱：側幕、橫幕、大幕、天幕、紗幕、遮光幕。採購或租用時以打摺量與防焰等級為準，而非只看尺寸。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Soft goods / softs" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "軟景 / 布幕" } ], "false_friends": [ "\"Inherently flame retardant\" and \"treated\" are not the same certificate. Treated fabric loses its rating after washing, and a venue asking for a flame certificate wants the current one." ], "see_also": [ "legs", "scrim", "cyclorama" ], "tags": [ "scenic", "drape", "fire" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "soundcheck", "en": "Soundcheck", "zh_hant": "試音", "domain": "audio", "definition_en": "The session before doors where the PA and monitors are proven with the actual performers: line check first (does every input work), then levels and mixes. In touring, the support act checks after the headliner and gets whatever time is left.", "definition_zh_hant": "開場前用真樂手證明 PA 同監聽的環節：先 line check 確認每路訊號通，再執 level 同 mix。巡演慣例 headliner 先 check，暖場樂隊用剩落嘅時間。", "see_also": [ "line-check", "monitor-wedge" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "audio", "concert", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true }, { "title": "Soundcheck", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundcheck", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-22" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "spike", "en": "Spike", "zh_hant": "定位記號（貼 mark）", "zh_hans": "定位记号", "domain": "stage-management", "definition_en": "A tape mark on the deck showing exactly where a piece of scenery, a furniture leg or a performer belongs. Spikes are what make a scene change repeatable in the dark, so stage management lays them and everyone else is expected to work around them.", "definition_zh_hant": "貼在台面上的記號，標出佈景、家具腳或演員的準確位置。有了 mark，暗場中的換景才做得出一樣的結果，所以由舞監組負責貼，其他人繞開它工作。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "TW", "term": "馬一下", "note": "從 mark 來的現場俚語，「幫我馬一下」就是用膠帶貼記號。" }, { "region": "HK", "term": "貼 mark／打 mark" } ], "false_friends": [ "In audio and electrics a spike is a transient overshoot in a signal or a supply. Same word, opposite meaning, and it turns up in the same building.", "Spike tape is thin low-tack tape made for marks. Gaffer tape is not spike tape, and pulling the floor finish up with it will be your problem.", "「定位」單獨用也可以指吊桿的高度定位。講地面記號時說「貼 mark」比較不會被誤會。" ], "see_also": [ "dead", "strike" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "stage-management", "scene-change", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Spike (stagecraft)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_(stagecraft)", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-16", "primary": true }, { "title": "請走、拉fly、下舞台？劇場黑話大破解", "url": "https://www.thenewslens.com/article/67015", "publisher": "The News Lens 關鍵評論網", "accessed": "2026-08-16" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "spl", "en": "SPL (sound pressure level)", "zh_hant": "聲壓級", "domain": "audio", "definition_en": "How loud it is at a given point, in decibels relative to 20 micropascals. Always qualified: a frequency weighting (A, C or Z), a time weighting (fast, slow) or an averaging period (LAeq over 15 minutes, an hour, the show).", "definition_zh_hant": "某一位置的音量大小，以相對於 20 微帕的分貝值表示。必須加上限定條件：頻率權重（A、C 或 Z）、時間權重（快、慢）或平均時距（15 分鐘、一小時或整場的 LAeq）。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "SPL" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "聲壓級 / SPL / 音壓" } ], "false_friends": [ "A venue limit of \"100 dB\" means nothing until you know the weighting, the averaging time and the measurement position. 100 dBA slow at FOH and 100 dBC peak at the barrier are wildly different limits." ], "see_also": [ "gain-before-feedback" ], "tags": [ "audio", "noise", "compliance" ], "sources": [ { "title": "IEC 61672-1 sound level meters", "url": "https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/5708", "publisher": "IEC", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true }, { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "stage-weight", "en": "Stage weight / brace weight", "zh_hant": "舞台鐵（壓重）", "domain": "scenic", "definition_en": "The cast-iron slabs that anchor scenery braces, booms and free-standing elements. Counted in the ground plan, moved by hand, and the difference between a braced flat and a falling one.", "definition_zh_hant": "壓住景片斜撐、燈架同企位裝置嘅鑄鐵塊。圖上要數，人手搬，係景片企得穩唔穩嘅分別。", "see_also": [ "counterweight" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "scenic", "rigging", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "standby", "en": "Standby", "zh_hant": "準備", "domain": "stage-management", "definition_en": "The warning the stage manager gives before a cue, so everyone taking it can get their hand on the right control and answer. Convention is a standby, an acknowledgement from each department, then GO on the action.", "definition_zh_hant": "舞台監督在指令之前給出的預備通知，讓所有要執行的人先把手放到正確的操作位置並回覆。慣例是先報 standby，各部門逐一回應，動作點上再喊 GO。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK", "term": "Standby" }, { "region": "US", "term": "Warning / standby / place" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "Standby / 準備" } ], "false_friends": [ "A standby is not a cue. The number in a standby names the cue that is coming; taking it on the standby is the classic way to fire a lighting state a bar early." ], "see_also": [ "cue", "call" ], "tags": [ "stage-management", "cueing", "headset" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "strike", "en": "Strike", "zh_hant": "拆（拆景、收道具）", "zh_hans": "拆（拆景、收道具）", "domain": "production-management", "definition_en": "To remove something. The word scales from one prop taken off during a scene change to the entire production coming down after the last performance. A strike call is physical work under time pressure, frequently overhead, and frequently at the end of an already long day.", "definition_zh_hant": "把東西撤掉。範圍可以小到換景時拿走一件道具，大到最後一場之後整個製作拆掉。Strike 是有時間壓力的體力工作，常常在頭上作業，也常常排在一天的最後。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "拆／收", "note": "整個製作拆掉講「拆台」，單件東西撤掉講「收走」。" } ], "false_friends": [ "把 strike 直譯成「罷工」意思完全相反。在劇場它是拆除。", "\"Strike it\" during a show means take that one item off now. \"Strike\" on the schedule means the whole get-out. Confirm the scope before removing things.", "Strike is not load-out. Strike is dismantling; load-out is the whole departure including packing and trucks." ], "see_also": [ "load-out", "get-in", "spike" ], "safety_critical": true, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "production", "get-out", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Glossary of theater terms", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_theater_terms", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-16", "primary": true }, { "title": "Theatrical technician", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_technician", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-16" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "subtractive-mixing", "en": "Subtractive colour mixing", "zh_hant": "減色混合", "domain": "lighting", "definition_en": "Mixing by removing light. One white source passes through layers that each remove part of the spectrum, and removal multiplies rather than adds, so you start at white and take away. This is what gel does, what a CMY fixture's dichroic flags do, and what a costume does to the light falling on it.", "definition_zh_hant": "以扣除光線來混色。單一白光穿過若干層，每層扣掉一部分光譜；扣除是相乘而非相加，因此起點是白，逐層減去。色紙、CMY 燈具的二向色濾片，以及打在服裝上的光，都是這樣運作。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Subtractive mixing" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "減色混合 / 減法混色" } ], "false_friends": [ "On a subtractive fixture, saturation costs output; on an additive one it does not. Two units set to the same picker value will not match, having taken different spectral routes." ], "see_also": [ "additive-mixing", "gel", "dichroic" ], "tags": [ "lighting", "colour" ], "sources": [ { "title": "CIE colorimetry and colour mixing fundamentals", "url": "https://cie.co.at/e-ilv", "publisher": "International Commission on Illumination", "accessed": "2026-08-29", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-29" }, { "id": "talkback", "en": "Talkback / comms", "zh_hant": "通話系統", "domain": "stage-management", "definition_en": "The intercom that lets the stage manager, operators, followspots, deck crew and automation talk to each other during a show. Wired partyline, digital matrix or wireless, usually split into channels so a lighting call does not land in the flyman ear.", "definition_zh_hant": "讓舞台監督、各操作員、追蹤燈、台面人員與自動化在演出中互相溝通的內部通話系統。可為有線環路、數位矩陣或無線，通常分頻道，以免燈光的指令跑進吊桿人員的耳朵。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK", "term": "Cans / comms / talkback" }, { "region": "US", "term": "Headsets / comms / intercom" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "通話 / Comm / 對講" } ], "false_friends": [ "\"Talkback\" in a recording or broadcast context means the engineer talking to the studio floor, which is a different signal path from a partyline comms system." ], "see_also": [ "call", "prompt-corner" ], "tags": [ "stage-management", "comms", "headset" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "tech-rehearsal", "en": "Tech rehearsal", "zh_hant": "技術排練（技排）", "zh_hans": "技术排练", "domain": "stage-management", "definition_en": "The rehearsal where technical elements are added to the staging and worked through cue by cue. It runs slowly and stops often. It belongs to the technical departments rather than to the director's rehearsal process, which is the part most often misunderstood when the schedule is written.", "definition_zh_hant": "把技術元素加進走位、一個 cue 一個 cue 走的排練。速度慢、停得多。主導權在技術部門手上，不是導演排戲的時段，排進度表時最常搞錯這一點。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "HK", "term": "技術綵排", "note": "香港寫「綵排」，最後一次完整跑是「總綵排」。" }, { "region": "TW", "term": "技排", "note": "臺灣寫「彩排」，技術排練簡稱技排。" } ], "false_friends": [ "香港寫「綵排」，臺灣和大陸寫「彩排」。合約和通告表上不要混用。", "「彩排」單獨出現時通常指帶妝帶服的排練，不是技排。", "A tech is not a run. Scheduling a three-hour tech for a two-hour show is the most reliable way to overrun." ], "see_also": [ "dry-tech", "cue", "plot" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "rehearsal", "stage-management", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Technical rehearsal", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_rehearsal", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-16", "primary": true }, { "title": "舞台表演的操作管理（麥秋）", "url": "https://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/tc/public-admin/related-bodies-schemes/edu-schemes-fund/drama/ch22.pdf", "publisher": "香港教育局", "accessed": "2026-08-16" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "technical-rider", "en": "Technical rider", "zh_hant": "技術需求書", "domain": "production-management", "definition_en": "The document an act sends ahead listing what the venue must provide: PA, monitors, lighting, power, stage size, rigging points, crew calls, and the input list. Contractually attached to the deal, so its contents are negotiable before signature and expensive afterwards.", "definition_zh_hant": "演出方事先送出、列明場館必須提供項目的文件：PA、監聽、燈光、電力、舞台尺寸、吊點、工作人員需求與輸入表。它是合約的附件，簽約前可談，簽約後改動代價很高。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Tech rider / technical rider" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "技術需求書 / Rider" } ], "false_friends": [ "The hospitality rider and the technical rider are separate documents with separate approvers. Sending the tech rider to catering, or the other way round, delays both." ], "see_also": [ "load-in", "plot" ], "tags": [ "production", "contract", "paperwork" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "thyristor-dimmer", "en": "Thyristor dimmer", "zh_hant": "可控矽調光器", "domain": "lighting", "definition_en": "A dimmer that switches the mains on partway through each half cycle and passes the remainder, so the lamp averages a chopped waveform. Small, cheap, load independent and controllable from a tiny signal, which is what made remote consoles with hundreds of channels practical. Chopping generates harmonics including the third, a triplen that adds rather than cancels in a three-phase neutral, and the sudden switch-on is what makes filaments sing.", "definition_zh_hant": "在每個半週期中途才導通、並讓其餘部分通過的調光器，燈具所感受到的是被切斷的波形的平均值。 體積小、成本低、與負載無關，且可由極小的訊號控制，這正是數百迴路的遙控燈光控制台得以實現 的原因。切波會產生諧波，其中三次諧波屬於三倍頻諧波，在三相中性線上是相加而非相消；而瞬間 導通則是燈絲鳴叫的成因。", "false_friends": [ "A thyristor dimmer needs a minimum load to hold conduction. An LED lamp on a dimmer channel may flicker, glow when nominally off, or not light at all." ], "see_also": [ "phase-rotation" ], "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK", "term": "Thyristor dimmer" }, { "region": "US", "term": "SCR dimmer", "note": "Same device. SCR is the American name for the thyristor in it." }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "可控矽調光器" } ], "tags": [ "lighting", "dimming", "power", "electrical" ], "sources": [ { "title": "IEC 60364 and IEC 60038 low-voltage installation and supply standards", "url": "https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/1880", "publisher": "International Electrotechnical Commission", "accessed": "2026-08-29", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-29" }, { "id": "time-alignment", "en": "Time alignment", "zh_hant": "時間對齊", "domain": "audio", "definition_en": "Delaying the earlier-arriving loudspeaker so that sound from two sources reaches the listener together. Applies between subs and tops, between main hangs and fills, and between the stage and a delay tower.", "definition_zh_hant": "對較早到達的音箱加上延遲，使兩個音源的聲音同時抵達聽眾。適用於超低音與中高音之間、主音箱與補聲之間，以及舞台與延遲塔之間。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Time alignment / alignment" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "時間對齊 / 對時" } ], "false_friends": [ "Aligning at one seat misaligns at another. Alignment is a compromise across the coverage area, which is why the measurement position is a decision, not a convenience." ], "see_also": [ "delay-tower", "crossover" ], "tags": [ "audio", "delay", "system-tuning" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "truss", "en": "Truss", "zh_hant": "桁架", "domain": "rigging", "definition_en": "The aluminium lattice beam that carries lighting, audio and video over a stage. Sold by cross-section and chord count, and rated by a span-and-load table from the manufacturer rather than by a single number.", "definition_zh_hant": "承載燈光、音響與影像設備的鋁製格構樑。以斷面尺寸與主管數量分類，其載重由製造商提供的跨距對載重表決定，而非單一數字。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Truss" }, { "region": "HK", "term": "桁架 / Truss" }, { "region": "TW", "term": "桁架" } ], "false_friends": [ "Truss brands are not interchangeable even when the section looks identical. Mixing manufacturers in one span voids the load table, and connector hardware often differs." ], "see_also": [ "rigging-point", "safe-working-load" ], "safety_critical": true, "tags": [ "rigging", "truss", "structure" ], "confidence": "reported", "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "understudy", "en": "Understudy", "zh_hant": "替補演員", "domain": "production-management", "definition_en": "A performer rehearsed to take over a role at need. Distinct from a swing (who covers multiple ensemble tracks) and an alternate (who is scheduled to play the role at set performances).", "definition_zh_hant": "排定隨時可以頂上某角色嘅演員。同 swing（負責多條 ensemble line）同 alternate（固定場次上）唔同。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "Musical theatre", "term": "Swing / alternate / standby", "note": "各有精確分工，合約用字唔可以混。" } ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "company", "casting", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true }, { "title": "Understudy", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understudy", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-22" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "unit-load", "en": "Unit load", "zh_hant": "單位負載", "domain": "networking", "definition_en": "The standard reference load an RS-485 bus segment is rated against — one unit load is roughly a 12 kΩ receiver input. The spec caps a segment at 32 unit loads, but that is not the same as 32 devices: most modern DMX/RS-485 receiver chips present a fraction of a unit load (1/8 UL is common), so a real line can carry well over 32 physical fixtures before it needs an opto-splitter. Check the fixture manual for its actual unit-load figure rather than counting boxes.", "definition_zh_hant": "RS-485 匯流排的標準參考負載。DMX512 一段最多 32 個單位負載，但現代收發器多為 1/4 或 1/8 單位負載，實際可掛的設備數因此不同。", "see_also": [ "daisy-chain" ], "related_protocols": [ "rs-485", "dmx512" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "networking", "rs485", "dmx", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "TB511: The Unit Load Concept", "url": "https://www.renesas.com/en/document/tra/tb511-unit-load-concept", "publisher": "Renesas Electronics", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true }, { "title": "The RS-485 Unit Load and Maximum Number of Bus Connections", "url": "https://www.ti.com/lit/pdf/slla166", "publisher": "Texas Instruments", "accessed": "2026-08-22" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "upstage", "en": "Upstage", "zh_hant": "上舞台（舞台後方）", "domain": "general", "definition_en": "The part of the stage furthest from the audience. On a raked stage it is literally higher, which is where the word comes from; moving upstage of another performer forces them to turn away from the house, which is why the word is also a verb.", "definition_zh_hant": "舞台上離觀眾最遠的區域。傳統斜舞台後方較高，所以叫「上」。走位到別人上舞台一側會逼對方背向觀眾，這也是 upstage 當動詞用的由來。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "上舞台", "note": "方向以演員面向觀眾為準，不是觀眾視角。" } ], "false_friends": [ "Stage directions are from the PERFORMER'S view facing the house, so a director's \"your left\" needs confirming before anyone moves a boom." ], "see_also": [ "downstage" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "stage-directions", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Theatrecrafts glossary of technical theatre terms", "url": "https://theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/", "publisher": "Theatrecrafts / ABTT heritage", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true }, { "title": "Blocking (stage)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blocking_(stage)", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-22" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "vca", "en": "VCA", "zh_hant": "壓控放大器", "domain": "audio", "definition_en": "A voltage-controlled amplifier: a gain stage set by a control voltage rather than by a knob in the signal path. It lets a fader carry DC instead of audio, which is what a VCA group is. Pulling a VCA group down offsets each member channel’s own gain, so their sends and inserts scale with them and no extra amplifier is inserted into the audio.", "definition_zh_hant": "壓控放大器：增益由控制電壓決定，而非由訊號路徑上的旋鈕決定的增益級。它讓推桿傳送直流控制 電壓而非音訊，這正是 VCA 編組的原理。拉下 VCA 編組推桿等於同時偏移各成員聲道自 身的增益，因此其送出與插入點都會跟著變化，音訊路徑上也不會多出一級放大器。", "false_friends": [ "A VCA group is not a subgroup. A subgroup sums audio onto a bus; a VCA group sums nothing and only offsets gain. A post-fade send follows one and not the other." ], "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "VCA" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "VCA", "note": "Said in English. 壓控放大器 appears in writing, almost never on headset." } ], "tags": [ "audio", "console", "mixing" ], "sources": [ { "title": "AES standards for audio engineering", "url": "https://www.aes.org/standards/", "publisher": "Audio Engineering Society", "accessed": "2026-08-29", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-29" }, { "id": "vlan", "en": "VLAN", "zh_hant": "虛擬區域網路", "domain": "networking", "definition_en": "A logical network carved out of one physical switch fabric, so lighting, audio, video and corporate traffic can share copper without seeing each other. Ports are either access (one VLAN, untagged) or trunk (several VLANs, tagged).", "definition_zh_hant": "在同一套實體交換器架構上切分出的邏輯網路，讓燈光、音訊、影像與辦公流量共用線路而互不可見。連接埠分為 access（單一 VLAN、不加標籤）與 trunk（多 VLAN、加標籤）兩種。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "VLAN" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "VLAN / 虛擬區域網路" } ], "false_friends": [ "A VLAN is not a firewall. Traffic between VLANs is blocked only until someone adds a route; and multicast still floods within a VLAN unless IGMP snooping is on." ], "see_also": [ "multicast", "qos" ], "related_protocols": [ "sacn", "dante", "aes67" ], "tags": [ "networking", "vlan", "switching" ], "sources": [ { "title": "IEEE 802.1Q bridges and bridged networks", "url": "https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/802.1Q/10323/", "publisher": "IEEE", "accessed": "2026-08-26", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-26" }, { "id": "winch", "en": "Winch", "zh_hant": "捲揚機", "domain": "automation", "definition_en": "A powered drum that spools wire rope to pull a load, mounted so the rope can run over sheaves at an angle rather than straight down — which is why winches, not chain hoists, run stage-wagon tracks, turntables and diagonal flying effects. Under the entertainment powered-hoist standard a winch is a different machine from a hoist: it pulls rather than holds a suspended load on a locking brake, and a capstan winch is explicitly excluded from that standard's scope.", "definition_zh_hant": "以捲筒收放鋼索拉動負載的動力設備。與電動葫蘆不同，捲揚機的鋼索纏在捲筒上，可做水平或斜向牽引。", "false_friends": [ "Do not assume a \"winch\" on a rig plot is rated like a point hoist. ANSI E1.6 covers powered hoists and explicitly excludes capstan winches — the safety case for a winch comes from elsewhere.", "Hoists hold a suspended load on a mechanical locking brake; winches typically use dynamic braking, fine on an incline but not for holding a load static overhead." ], "see_also": [ "chain-hoist", "fly", "safe-working-load" ], "safety_critical": true, "confidence": "verified", "tags": [ "automation", "rigging", "winch", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "ANSI E1.6-1 – 2019: Entertainment Technology – Powered Hoist Systems", "url": "https://tsp.esta.org/tsp/documents/docs/ANSI%20E1.6-1%20-%202019.pdf", "publisher": "ESTA Technical Standards Program", "accessed": "2026-08-22", "primary": true }, { "title": "Winch vs Hoist - Overview and Comparison", "url": "https://southeastrigging.com/the-difference-between-a-winch-and-a-hoist/", "publisher": "Southeast Rigging", "accessed": "2026-08-22" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "wings", "en": "Wings", "zh_hant": "側台（空間）／邊幕（布幕）", "zh_hans": "侧台／边幕", "domain": "general", "definition_en": "The offstage space to either side of the acting area, where crew, cast and scenery wait out of the audience's sight. The masking cloths that create that sightline are a separate item, although English uses the same word loosely for both.", "definition_zh_hant": "表演區兩側、觀眾看不到的後台空間，工作人員、演員和佈景在那裡待命。做出那條視線的遮擋布幕是另一件東西，但英文常常兩個都叫 wings。", "regional_variants": [ { "region": "HK", "term": "側舞台", "note": "康文署官方中文技術資料寫「側舞台」，英文版寫 side stage。" }, { "region": "TW", "term": "側台" } ], "false_friends": [ "中文分得比英文清楚：「側台」是空間，「邊幕」是布。英文 wings 兩個都指，翻譯搞混會把人派到錯的位置。", "\"In the wings\" means standing by offstage. It does not mean hidden behind a specific leg.", "Legs, tabs and borders are all masking, but only the legs form the wing entrances. A venue quoting five legs is not quoting five usable entrances." ], "see_also": [ "house", "rake" ], "safety_critical": false, "confidence": "reported", "tags": [ "venue", "masking", "vocabulary" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Parts of a theatre", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parts_of_a_theatre", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "accessed": "2026-08-16", "primary": true }, { "title": "香港大會堂劇院詳細技術設施資料（中文）", "url": "https://www.lcsd.gov.hk/en/tech/common/pdf/b5/hkch-th-lfc.pdf", "publisher": "康樂及文化事務署", "accessed": "2026-08-16" }, { "title": "Hong Kong City Hall Theatre — technical specification", "url": "https://www.lcsd.gov.hk/en/tech/common/pdf/en/hkch-th-lfe.pdf", "publisher": "Leisure and Cultural Services Department", "accessed": "2026-08-16" } ], "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "wow-and-flutter", "en": "Wow and flutter", "zh_hant": "抖晃度", "domain": "audio", "definition_en": "Speed variation in a mechanical replay medium, named at two rates. Wow is slow variation, below roughly four hertz, heard as pitch drifting. Flutter is faster, heard as roughness or warble on sustained notes. Wow usually points at a capstan or a slipping pinch roller; flutter more often at a bearing or tape dragging on a guide.", "definition_zh_hant": "機械式重播媒介的速度變動，依快慢分為兩種稱呼。抖（wow）指約四赫茲以下的慢速變動，聽感 為音高漂移；晃（flutter）指較快的變動，在持續音上聽起來是粗糙或顫抖。抖多半指向主 導軸或打滑的壓帶輪，晃則較常來自軸承或磁帶刮擦導引件。", "false_friends": [ "Wow and flutter is not a frequency response fault and no equalisation addresses it. It is the transport, and it is measured as a percentage of speed rather than in decibels." ], "regional_variants": [ { "region": "UK / US", "term": "Wow and flutter" }, { "region": "HK / TW", "term": "抖晃度" } ], "tags": [ "audio", "analogue", "archive", "tape" ], "sources": [ { "title": "AES standards for audio engineering", "url": "https://www.aes.org/standards/", "publisher": "Audio Engineering Society", "accessed": "2026-08-29", "primary": true } ], "confidence": "reported", "contributed_by": [], "updated": "2026-08-29" } ]